- Research Article
- Open Access
In vitro antioxidant properties of the biflavonoid agathisflavone
- Received: 2 March 2018
- Accepted: 22 June 2018
- Published: 29 June 2018
Abstract
Purpose
Free radicals are considered as the causative agents of a variety of acute and chronic pathologies. Natural antioxidants have drawn attention of the researchers in recent years for their ability to scavenge free radicals with minimal or even no side effects. This study evaluates the antioxidant capacity of agathisflavone, a naturally occurring biflavonoid by a number of in vitro methods.
Methods
Agathisflavone was subjected to DPPH, ABTS, OH and NO radical scavenging assay, reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) test using trolox as a standard.
Results
Agathisflavone showed concentration-dependent antioxidant activity against all types of free radicals used in this study. The antioxidant capacity, reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation showed by agathisflavone were comparable to that of trolox.
Conclusion
Agathisflavone exhibited antioxidant capacity, which suggests considering this biflavonoid for the use in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases precipitated by oxidative stress.
Keywords
- Caesalpinia pyramidalis
- Radical scavenging
- Reducing power
- Lipid peroxidation
Introduction
Free radicals, both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), produced by partial reduction of oxygen and nitrogen respectively, are inevitable processes of our body [1–3]. Some of these ROS and RNS are involved in various fundamental processes of cell survival, including mitochondrial respiration and regulation, signalization, cell proliferation and differentiation. However, any alteration in the cellular levels of the ROS/RNS can induce oxidative stress leading to cellular damages, hampering proper cellular functioning or even cell death [4, 5]. Prolonged exposure to ROS/RNS results in the damages to cell macromolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids as well as genetic materials (e.g., DNA, RNA) which eventually gives rise to the pathophysiology of a number of serious diseases including cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, immunosuppression, swelling, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders [6, 7]. Evidence suggests that certain neurological disorders such as, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, anxiety and depression have a direct link to long term exposure of the cells to excessive oxidative stresses [8]. In this context, naturally occurring antioxidants have been studied extensively to find their possible role in the prevention and cure for such diseases [9, 10].
Flavonoids represent an important class of natural antioxidants with significant therapeutic potential. Biflavanoids, a type of flavonoids, comprehends a large group of compounds with promising effect against oxidative damage [11].
Chemical structure of agathisflavone
Thus the present study was designed to assess the antioxidant property of this biflavonoid by evaluating its ability to scavenge the free radicals, namely DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl and nitric oxide (NO). It was also tested for its capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation by TBARS method and the ability to transfer electron by ferric reducing assay.
Materials and methods
Chemicals
Trolox, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,20-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), 2,20-azobis-2-amidinopropane dihydrochloride (AAPH), 2-deoxyribose and potassium ferricyanide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade.
Plant
Fresh leaves of Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tull. (Family: Fabaceae) was collected from Valente, Brazil and identified by Prof. Dr. L. P. de Queiróz (State University of Feira de Santana) and Prof. Dr. M. de F. Agra (Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology UFPB). A voucher specimen was deposited at the herbarium of Alexandre Leal da Costa of Biology Institute of the Federal University of Bahia (accession number 240291).
Extraction, isolation and identification of agathisflavone
Fresh leaves of C. pyramidalis was extracted with methanol and chromatographed using silica gel to get pure agathiflavone. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic data including 1D, 2D NMR and LS–MS carried out at the Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil (data not shown). Noteworthy to mention here that naturally occurring agathisflavone exhibits atropisomerism and thus was isolated as a mixture of the atropisomers.
In vitro antioxidant activity evaluation
DPPH radical scavenging test
ABTS radical scavenging test
The method described by Re et al. [30] with slight modifications was used for this test. The ABTS radical cation was initially formed by mixing 5 mL of 7 mM ABTS with 88 µL of 2.45 mM of potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) solution with further incubation at room temperature in the absence of light for 16 h. The resulting solution was diluted in ethanol in such a way to obtain an absorbance of 0.70 ± 0.05 at 734 nm. This test was done in the dark and at room temperature. An aliquot (0.5 mL) of agathisflavone/trolox (0.058–0.928 mM) solution was mixed with 1.96 mL of the ABTS solution and the absorbance was measured after 6 min. The results were expressed as percentage of inhibition of the ABTS in a similar fashion to that of DPPH radical scavenging assay.
OH radical scavenging assay
Reducing potential assay
The method described by Singhal et al. [32] with slight modifications was used to determine the reducing capacity of agathisflavone. Briefly, 1 mL of agathisflavone/trolox (0.058–0.928 mM) was added with 1 mL of 1% potassium ferricyanide and 0.5 mL of sodium phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 6.6). The reaction mixture was incubated at 50 °C for 20 min, followed by the addition of 0.5 mL of 10% TCA, 0.5 mL of distilled water and 0.25 mL of 0.1% ferric chloride. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 700 nm in a spectrophotometer against a blank solution. The EC50 of the sample and standard required for 50% reduction potential was determined.
NO scavenging test
Nitric oxide was produced from the spontaneous decomposition of sodium nitroprusside in 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Once generated, nitric oxide interacts with oxygen to produce nitrite ions, which was measured by the Griess reaction [33]. The reaction mixture containing 1 mL of SNP in phosphate buffer (20 mM) and 0.5 mL of agathisflavone/trolox (0.058–0.928 mM) was incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. An aliquot (0.5 mL) of the reaction mixture was taken and homogenized with 0.5 mL of Griess reagent. Absorbance of chromophore was measured at 540 nm in a spectrophotometer and the results were expressed as percentage inhibition of nitrite ions.
Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (TBARS test)
Statistical analysis
All the experiments were done in triplicate and the results are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed using the program GraphPad Prism® 6.02 (San Diego, CA, USA), one-way ANOVA, multiple comparisons following by t-Student–Newman–Keuls post hoc test. The results were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.
Results
DPPH radical scavenging
DPPH· scavenging capacity of agathisflavone and trolox. [Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3) ap < 0.05 when compared to the system (100% of DPPH·), bp < 0.05 when compared to the trolox (standard) (ANOVA and t-Student–Neuman–Keuls as a post hoc test)]
ABTS scavenging assay
ABTS radical scavenging capacity of agathisflavone and trolox. [Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3); ap < 0.05 when compared to the system (100% of ABTS), bp < 0.05 when compared to trolox (ANOVA and t-Student–Neuman–Keuls as a post hoc test)]
OH radical scavenging assay
OH· scavenging capacity of agathisflavone and trolox. [Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3) ap < 0.05 when compared to the system (100% of OH·), bp < 0.05 when compared to the trolox (standard) (ANOVA and t-Student–Neuman–Keuls as a post hoc test)]
Reducing potential
Reducing potential (Fe3+/Fe2+) of agathisflavone and trolox. [Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3) ap < 0.05 when compared to the system (without agathisflavone/trolox), bp < 0.05 when compared to the trolox (standard) (ANOVA and t-Student–Neuman–Keuls as a post hoc test)]
NO scavenging assay
NO radical scavenging capacity of agathisflavone and trolox. [Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3) ap < 0.05 when compared to the system (100% of nitrite ions), bp < 0.05 when compared to the trolox (standard) (ANOVA and t-Student–Neuman–Keuls as a post hoc test)]
TBARS test
TBARS inhibitory capacity of agathisflavone and trolox. [Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3) ap < 0.05 when compared to the system (100% of TBARS levels), bp < 0.05 when compared to trolox (standard) (ANOVA and t-Student–Neuman–Keuls as a post hoc test)]
Discussion
Proposed mechanism of antioxidant activity of the agathisflavone by donating of H· and electrons. a Chemical structure of agathisflavone (OH groups at various positions). b Possible C-terminals from where proton (H+) can be donated. c and d Proton (H+) donation and neutralization of free radicals, resonance structures of agathisflavone
Antioxidant activity of several flavonoids with mechanism similar to that of agathisflavone have been studied using methods as DPPH and/or ABTS, OH and NO scavenging assay, as well as their ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation by TBARS assay and reducing ability [35, 36].
When compared, agathisflavone was found to be a better scavenger of ABTS than that of DPPH. Although both ABTS and DPPH are free radicals, but the differ in the way that DPPH is a stable free radical itself but ABTS is formed instantly in the reaction solution. Thus both of the methods are used for antioxidant activity study but a difference in the EC50 of a compound can occur due to the difference in the mechanism of action of neutralizing free radicals. In relating the results of DPPH· (EC50 = 0.895 mM) and ABTS·+ (EC50 = 0.123 mM) tests, it is possible to say that agathisflavone showed a better scavenging capacity of ABTS·+. This may be due to effects of donation of electrons, leading to the reduction of ABTS·+ formation. On the other hand, transference of hydrogen atoms may occur to form of a DPPH stable molecule by the action of this biflavonoid [37, 38]. Our findings are similar to the results suggested by Ye et al. [39], who were isolated a biflavonoid from the methanolic extract of the Camellia oleifera Abel shells and with a chemical structure that of the agathisflavone.
Agathiflavone isolated from the leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale was subjected to DPPH radical scavenging assay by Ajileye et al. [25]. The EC50 value calculated for agathisflavone was 366.37 μg/mL, which is equivalent to 0.679 mM, slightly lower that the value observed in the present work (0.474 mM). This slight change may happen due to the variation of the DPPH· concentration in the reaction mixture.
The compounds that have large quantities of ·OH (free) in their chemical structures have higher reducing potential [11]. In a previous study the antioxidant activity of the natural biflavonoid (morelloflavone-4000-O-b-d-glicosil, fukugiside e morelloflavone) isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the dried fruits of Garcinia brasiliensis was seen with the potential reduction capacity [9]. Like the evaluated compound in this study, the biflavonoids isolated by Gontijo et al. [9] showed reducing capacities in a concentration-dependent manner.
The ·OH oxidizing radical and its presence in the reaction medium promotes degradation of 2-deoxyribose. In our study, agathisflavone at all concentration tested may react with ·OH, thus the inhibition of the degradation of the monosaccharide utilized [3, 40]. Based on the comparison between the EC50 values of the agathisflavone and the antioxidant standard (trolox) in inhibiting the 2-deoxyribose degradation, this biflavonoid can be considered as a potent scavenger of ·OH. This may be an indication of protecting important biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids and genetic materials (e.g.—DNA, RNA) [41].
Agathisflavone also significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the levels of NO. An excessive generation of NO is related to a number of pathological conditions, including intracellular oxidative damages and cell death [13, 41]. Thus, the inhibitory effects of this damaging radicals may inhibit or protect cells and cellular organelles from the damaging effects of NO. Furthermore, peroxyl radicals generated by AAPH are evident to cause lipid peroxidation [42]. In our study, we found that the agathisflavone significantly inhibited TBARS production in comparison to the NC and trolox, suggesting a prominent protective capacity of the lipid molecules from oxidative damage.
The biflavonoids procyanidin, fukugetin, amentoflavone and podocarpusflavone isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of Garcinia brasiliensis have been found to exhibit antioxidant capacity at 10 µM (equivalent to 0.01 mM) with an average inhibition by 28, 42, 37 and 30%, respectively, those values are smaller than the activity observed in the quercetin group (100 µM; 47%) [5]. In this study, we found an average inhibition for the agathisflavone at 0.928 mM by 88%. It seems, the biflavonoid agathisflavone may be a potent antioxidant.
Conclusion
The antioxidant capacity investigated of the agathisflavone applying in vitro test systems allows to conclude that the this biflavonoid delay or prevent significantly the lipid peroxidation and the other referred molecules induced by free radicals, since, the compound showed an antioxidant capacity in DPPH·, ABTS·+, OH·, NO and reduction potential tests. The oxidative damage is linked to inducing damages in the brain and other organs, leading to varieties of health effects in human and other animals. The agathisflavone may be a new hope in the context of drug discovery and development, especially with the importance of the prevention and treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress.
Declarations
Authors’ contributions
AWLA—Lab test, data collection & Writing of the draft; KCM—Data analysis & Writing of the draft; KCM—Lab test & Data collection; DDRF—Lab test & Data manipulation; JMD—Data manipulation & Data analysis; MTI—Data presentation, Writing & Revision; SJU—Writing & Revision; JAS—Writing & Revision; JPC—Work design, Writing final draft & Supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the researchers of the Laboratory of Research in Experimental Neurochemistry (LAPNEX/UFPI), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Piauí (FAPEPI—Brazil) for materials, equipments, funds and collaborations.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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