Skip to content

Advertisement

  • Research article
  • Open Access

Structural optimization and evaluation of novel 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole derivatives as potential VEGFR-2/PDGFRβ inhibitors

Chemistry Central Journal201711:72

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-017-0301-5

©  The Author(s) 2017

  • Received: 21 June 2017
  • Accepted: 20 July 2017
  • Published:

Abstract

Background

Tumor angiogenesis, essential for tumor growth and metastasis, is tightly regulated by VEGF/VEGFR and PDGF/PDGFR pathways, and therefore blocking those pathways is a promising therapeutic target. Compared to sunitinib, the C(5)-Br derivative of 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole has significantly greater in vitro activities against VEGFR-2, PDGFRβ, and tube formation.

Results and discussion

The objective of this study was to perform further structural optimization, which revealed certain new products with even more potent anti-tumor activities, both cellularly and enzymatically. Of these, 15 revealed ten- and eightfold stronger potencies against VEGFR-2 and PDGFRβ than sunitinib, respectively, and showed selectivity against HCT116 with a favorable selective index (SI > 4.27). The molecular docking results displayed that the ligand–protein binding affinity to VEGFR-2 could be enhanced by introducing a hydrogen-bond-donating (HBD) substituent at C(5) of (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole such as 14 (C(5)-OH) and 15 (C(5)-SH).

Conclusions

Among newly synthetic compounds, 7 and 13–15 exhibited significant inhibitory activities against VEGFR-2 and PDGFRβ. Of these, the experimental results suggest that 15 might be a promising anti-proliferative agent.
Graphical Abstract image
Graphical abstract

IC50 comparison of sunitinib, 14, and 15 against VEGFR-2 and PDGFRβ.

Keywords

  • Multi-target kinase inhibitor
  • VEGFR-2 inhibitor
  • PDGFRβ inhibitor angiogenesis
  • (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole
  • Hydrogen-bond-donating

Introduction

Angiogenesis is a highly ordered process in which new capillaries are formed from pre-existing vessels in physiological conditions such as reproductive angiogenesis, pregnancy, and wound healing. Angiogenesis is up-regulated in many diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and especially tumor angiogenesis, which is critical for tumor growth and metastasis [1, 2]. New blood vessels are required for tumor tissues, when beyond 2 mm3, to provide oxygen, nutrients, and paths for metastasis, and to remove metabolic wastes [3]. In the absence of vascular support, tumor tissues would become necrotic or apoptotic [4, 5]. Thus, anti-angiogenesis could be an effective therapeutic treatment for cancer.

Pro-angiogenic growth factors secreted by tumor cells, such as angiopoietin-2, epidermal growth factors (EGFs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), and platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) can stimulate angiogenesis around tumor tissue [6]. Among them, VEGFs, PDGFs, and their receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the keys of tumor angiogenesis signal transduction [7]. Specific binding of VEGFs and PDGFs to their RTKs triggers downstream signal pathways that induce proliferation, migration, and cell survival of endothelial cells, fibroblast, and vascular smooth muscle cells [8–11]. Therefore, targeting both VEGF and PDGF signal pathways is a promising approach for anti-angiogenesis drug development [9, 10, 12, 13]. Many small-molecule anti-angiogenesis agents targeting VEGFRs and PDGFRs have been developed and approved for clinical use. Of these, sunitinib, an orally bioavailable indolinone-based RTK inhibitor, inhibits angiogenesis by targeting VEGFR-2 and PDGFRβ, and therefore triggers cancer cell apoptosis. The USFDA has approved the use of sunitinib for treating advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) [7, 14].

Jun et al. showed that the VEGFR-2 and PDGFRβ inhibitory activity of sunitinib was not as potent as those of some novel bicyclic N-substituted pyrrolo-fused six-, seven-, and eight-membered-heterocycle derivatives, which are conformation-modified sunitinib analogs. The optimized fused-ring sizes of the products were found to be six and seven. The most potent analog was famitinib, a C(5)-F 2-piperidinone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene) methylpyrrole [15]. Famitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor agent targeting at c-Kit, VEGFR-2, PDGFR, VEGFR-3, Flt1, and Flt3. In Phase IIb study, compared to placebo, famitinib showed significantly improved progression free survival (PFS) in patients with advanced colorectal cancer while its toxicity was manageable [16–18].

Given the effectiveness of famitinib, our previous study successfully synthesized a series of novel five-membered-heterocycle derivatives of 2-pyrrolidone fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole I (Fig. 1) [19]. In contrast to famitinib, our synthetic compounds possess a more rigid conformation than sunitinib and demonstrated superior inhibitory activity of VEGFR-2 and PDGFRβ to sunitinib. Among them, C(5)-Br 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole showed that potency against VEGFR-2 was fivefold higher in comparison to sunitinib [19].
Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Drug design of target compounds

Structure–activity relationships (SARs) of (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole have been comprehensively investigated in previous works [20–26]. The oxindole scaffold, capable to provide two hydrogen bonds, is critical for the binding of (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrroles to the ATP-binding site of the kinases, such as VEGFRs [26–28]. The C(5) position of (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrroles is also considered one of most effective positions for interaction with the ATP-binding site [20–25]. The significant VEGFRs and PDGFRs inhibitory activity of C(5)-halogen substituted 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrroles demonstrated in our previous report was at least partly due to increased interaction between the synthetic compounds and the active sites of the receptors [19]. However, it remains unclear whether 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrroles with C(5) substituents other than C(5)-halogens, such as groups producing electronic effects by induction or conjugation, are still better VEGFRs and PDGFRs inhibitors. For an improved understanding of the SARs of 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole with C(5) substituent replacement and in the hope of obtaining novel compounds with more potent anti-proliferative activity and lower toxicity, this study synthesized a series of 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole with various C(5)-substituents to alter physical and chemical properties for the purpose of ameliorating anti-tumor activity. These experiments revealed several new compounds with favorable selective indexes and potent activities. The most promising of these, 14 and 15, were chosen for further preclinical development.

Results and discussion

Chemistry

Scheme 1 shows the approach used to synthesize the target products. Preparation of the key intermediate 5-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (3) was essentially performed as described in the literature [19]. Condensation of 3 with various 5-substitued oxindoles in the presence of piperidine at room temperature readily afforded target compounds 4–15 in the yield of 46–66%. Most of the requisite 5-substitued oxindoles were prepared by modifying methods described in the literature [26, 29–35] or were obtained commercially. The exceptions were N,N-diethyl-2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonamide (16) and N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonamide (17), which were produced by direct amidation of 2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonyl chloride in dichloromethane at room temperature using triethylamine as a base [32] (Scheme 2). The resulting oxindoles 16 and 17 were used to synthesize the desired products 6 and 7, respectively, as described in Scheme 1.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1

Synthesis of key intermediate 3 [19] and 5-substituted 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole derivatives

Scheme 2
Scheme 2

Synthesis of oxindoles 16 and 17

All the target compounds were isolated as free bases which were precipitated out during the synthesis. Compounds were purified by simply washing with EtOH. However, most cases required further purification by column chromatography (silica gel, 90:10:1 EtOAc–MeOH–TEA) with TEA to facilitate elution and to remove trace impurities with the exclusion of compound 7. Purification of 7 by column chromatography using various solvent systems only led to rapid decomposition and then a string of unidentifiable spots from the eluent appeared in TLC. Our experiment results showed that analytically pure 7 could be obtainable smoothly by recrystallization from tetrahydrofuran (THF). All the structures of synthetic intermediates and products were determined by spectroscopy and specific data of high-resolution mass analysis (Additional file 1).

Anti-proliferation activity

The in vitro anti-proliferation activity of synthetic compounds 4–15 and sunitinib (positive control) were evaluated in three different human cancer cell lines (human colon cancer cells HCT116, human non-small cell lung cancer cells NCI-H460, and human renal cell carcinoma 786-O) and a normal human fibroblast cell line Detroit 551. Table 1 summarizes the experimental results.
Table 1

Enzymatic and cellular inhibition activities of 4–15 and sunitinib

Compound

R

% inhibition of VEGFR-2 at 80 nM

IC50 (μM)/selective index (SI)

HCT116

NCI-H460

786-O

Detroit 551

Sunitinib

–

45

4.60 ± 0.23

7.51 ± 0.78

7.89 ± 0.60

9.48 ± 0.18

1.32

0.81

0.76

4

–SO2NH2

0

>10

>10

>10

>10

nd

nd

nd

5

–SO2NMe2

20

8.98 ± 0.92

>10

>10

>10

>1.11

nd

nd

6

–SO2NEt2

0

4.20 ± 0.57

>10

>10

>10

>2.38

nd

nd

7

–SO2N(CH2CH2Cl)2

46

3.65 ± 0.19

>10

>10

6.06 ± 0.40

1.66

<0.61

<0.61

8

–SO2NHPh

15

>10

>10

>10

>10

nd

nd

nd

9

–SO2NH(4-CF3-Ph)

0

>10

>10

>10

>10

nd

nd

nd

10

–NHMs

4

>10

>10

>10

>10

nd

nd

nd

11

–CF3

0

>10

7.22 ± 1.01

8.49 ± 0.46

>10

nd

>1.39

>1.18

12

–NO2

13

>10

6.61 ± 0.80

>10

>10

nd

>1.51

nd

13

–OMe

41

3.06 ± 0.67

6.37 ± 1.09

7.86 ± 0.30

>10

>3.27

>1.57

>1.27

14

–OH

58

2.83 ± 0.40

>10

>10

>10

3.53

nd

nd

15

–SH

57

2.34 ± 0.20

>10

>10

>10

>4.27

nd

nd

nd not detected

Compared to sunitinib, compounds 4, 8–12 showed less activity against HCT116 cells (IC50 > 10 μM), indicating that electron-withdrawing groups (EWG) substituted at C(5) appeared detrimental to the anti-tumor activity of the 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole products [e.g., 11 (C(5)-CF3) and 12 (C(5)-NO2)]. However, introducing hydrogen bond donating (HBD) groups at C(5) in the 2-oxindole ring, e.g., 14 (C(5)-OH) and 15 (C(5)-SH), markedly inhibited HCT116 cells. From lowest to highest, the anti-proliferative activities against HCT116 cells based on the IC50 values were enhanced as follows: 15 (2.34 ± 0.20 μM) > 14 (2.83 ± 0.40 μM) > 13 (3.06 ± 0.67 μM) ≈ 7 (3.65 ± 0.19 μM) > 6 (4.20 ± 0.57 μM) ≈ sunitinib (4.60 ± 0.23 μM) > 5 (8.98 ± 0.92 μM). The presence and probably the appropriately positioning of HBD groups were apparently the main determinants of anti-proliferation potency. These experimental results indicated that C(5) substituted 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrroles against HCT116 cells had the descending order as follows: C(5)-HBD > C(5)-sulfonamide > C(5)-EWG. Regarding anti-proliferative effects on NCI-H460 cells, the IC50 values of 4–10, 14, and 15 were higher than 10 μM. Compounds 11–13 revealed approximately equal activity to sunitinib; however, their anti-proliferative activities did not significantly differ (p ≥ 0.05). For 786-O cells, the IC50 values of 4–10, 12, 14, and 15 exceeded 10 μM. The order of anti-proliferative activities of 11, 13 and sunitinib against 786-O cells was 13 ≈ sunitinib > 11. Comparisons with our previously reported data confirmed the superior activity of 13 (C(5)-OMe) against 786-O cells to the corresponding C(5)-halogen 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrroles [19].

Since the proliferation of HCT116 cells is stimulated by HCT116-produced VEGF and VEGFR-1/2 via an autocrine mechanism, inhibiting VEGFR-1/2 of HCT116 cells with VEGFR-1/2 inhibitor AAL993 significantly decreases proliferation of HCT116 cells [36]. Table 1 shows that our experiments revealed a strong correlation between anti-proliferation activities of 4–15 against HCT116 cells and VEGFR-2 inhibition percentage at 80 nM.

Although NCI-H460 cells express both VEGF and VEGFR-2, proliferation of NCIH-460 cells is not promoted by VEGF/VEGFR-2 pathway [37]. Sunitinib has been approved for treating renal cell carcinoma (RCC); however, it inhibits RCC growth through an anti-angiogenesis mechanism rather than by directly targeting RCC cells [38]. Moreover, 786-O cells express VEGF and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) rather than VEGFR-2. The VEGF promoted 786-O cell proliferation in an autocrine manner via VEGF/NRP-1 pathway [39]. Therefore, the IC50 values of most VEGFR-2 inhibiting compounds (5, 7, 14, 15, and sunitinib) against either NCI-H460 or 786-O cells were higher than those of HCT116 cells. Interestingly, 11 (C(5)-CF3) showed cytotoxicity to both NCI-H460 and 786-O but not to HCT116 cells; 12 (C(5)-NO2) was toxic to NCI-H460; 13 (C(5)-OMe) was toxic to all three tested cancer cell lines. These experimental results suggest that the C(5) substituent replacement in this structural system significantly affected the selectivity of cancer cell growth inhibition.

Potential anticancer drug candidates should show greater selectivity for cancer cells compared with normal cells. Therefore, selectivity index (SI) values for synthetic products 4–15 as well as sunitinib were obtained in the three tested cancer lines (Table 1). For comparison, human normal fibroblast cells Detroit 551 were used as a control group. The SI values showed that all synthetic products except for 7 had high selectivity for tumor cells and, compared to sunitinib, even much lower toxicity to Detroit 551 cells. The toxic effects of C(5)-SO2N(CH2CH2Cl)2 substituent of 7 on Detroit 551 cells was evident and complex but nevertheless not yet completely understood. The likely explanation is that 7 contains a highly chemically reactive bis(2-chloroethyl)amino (–SO2N(CH2CH2Cl)2) similar to chlorambucil, which has clinic applications as a non-specific alkylating agent. Thus, its cytotoxic effect probably resulted from DNA damage via the formation of cross-links. In this study, 15 had particularly high selectivity to HCT116 cells (SI > 4.27 for 15 vs. 1.32 for sunitinib), and 13 had particularly high selectivity to NCI-H460 cells (SI > 1.57 for 13 vs. 0.81 for sunitinib) and 786-O cells (SI > 1.27 for 13 vs. 0.76 for sunitinib).

Since our newly synthesized products generally showed high selectivity against HCT116 cancer cell proliferation, the next experiment was performed to determine whether the inhibitory response resulted from acute cellular toxicity. Compounds 7 and 13–15 were then chosen to subject to acute cytotoxicity test on HCT116 cells through the WST-8 cell viability assay. Figure 2 shows the experimental results, which confirmed that neither our compounds nor sunitinib had acute cytotoxicity in the two tested cell lines.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Acute cytotoxicity assay of a HCT116; b Detroit 551 incubated with DMSO (1%), sunitinib, 7, and 13–15 (10 μM)

Our previous works apparently showed that C(5)-halogen substituents of 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrroles affected the potency and cell cycle profiles of HCT116 cell [19]. For an improved understanding of these effects, this study performed further cell cycle analyses of 7, 13–15, and sunitinib (Fig. 3). The preliminary results showed that the cell cycle profiles of HCT116 cells incubated with 14 and sunitinib for 24 h caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. In contrast, the cell cycle profile of HCT116 cells incubated with 7 and 13 for 24 h displayed an increase in polyploid cells. Surprisingly, the cell cycle profile of HCT116 cells treated with 15 for 24 h showed an increase in tetraploid cells. Previous works had established that Inhibiting Aurora kinase obtained a polyploidal cell cycle profile [40–42]. Our previous studies proved that (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrroles had great in vitro Aurora A kinase inhibition at 1.0 μM, and some of them revealed the inhibition of HCT116 cells proliferation via Aurora kinase inhibition. Our experiments again revealed a similar trend, i.e., 92.9% for 7, 94.4% for 13, and 93.6% for 15, and 50.7% for sunitinib at 1.0 μM, respectively (Table 2). Therefore, we hypothesized that using compounds 7, 13 and 15 to inhibit HCT116 cell proliferation might also inhibit Aurora kinase.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3

Cell cycle profiles of HCT-116 cells treated with a 1% DMSO (control); b sunitinib (5.0 μM); c 7 (5.0 μM); d 13 (3.0 μM); e 14 (3.0 μM); f 15 (3.0 μM) for 24 h. M1 G0/G1phase, M2 S phase, M3 G2/M phase

Table 2

In-vitro kinase inhibitory activities of 7, 13–15, and sunitinib

Compound

R

IC50 (nM)

% inhibition of Aurora A at 1.0 μM

VEGFR-2

PDGFRβ

Sunitinib

–

151.8

94.5

50.7

7

–SO2N(CH2CH2Cl)2

23.7

63.2

94.4

13

–OMe

47.8

76.2

92.9

14

–OH

25.9

28.5

93.6

15

–SH

14.6

12.1

96.4

In summary, the experiments in this study suggested that substituents at C(5) markedly influenced the anti-proliferation activity and selectivity of synthetic derivatives of 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole. Additionally, hydrogen bond donor substituents at C(5) significantly affected the potency and selectivity of anti-proliferation activity.

Kinase inhibitory assays

Next, the VEGFR-2 phosphorylation inhibitory activities of the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated. The experimental results in Table 1 show that the VEGFR-2 inhibitory activities of compounds 4, 8, 9, and 11 at concentrations of 80 nM did not differ from that of the 1% DMSO (control). However, compounds 5, 6, and 12 at the same concentration revealed 13–20% inhibition; 7 and 13 demonstrated approximately equal inhibition percentage to sunitinib; and 14 and 15 exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity. Therefore, IC50 values of compounds 7 and 13–15 were further evaluated to assess their activities against VEGFR-2, PDGFRβ, and Aurora A kinase.

Sun et al. showed that C(5)-SO2NH2 at (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrroles improved VEGFR-2 inhibition [21]. A pharmacophore model of oxindole analog binding at the FGFR1 binding site generated from virtual screen results in a study by Kammasud then revealed that introduction of a phenyl hydrazide motif to C(5) of oxindoles proved to be the best possible to allow additional hydrogen bonding interactions with ATP site of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as FGFR-1, VEGFR-2, PDGFRβ, and EGFR [20]. In our investigation, compounds 4 (C(5)-SO2NH2), 5 (C(5)-SO2NMe2), 6 (C(5)-SO2NEt2), 8 (C(5)-SO2NHPh), and 9 (C(5)-SO2NH(4-CF3-Ph)) showed disappointing activities or only mediocre improvement in VEGFR-2 inhibition; however, 7 (C(5)-SO2N(CH2CH2Cl)2) displayed evident improvement. These experimental results suggest that ligand–protein binding affinity between VEGFR-2 and 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrroles is probably not be enhanced by either C(5)-SO2NH2, C(5)-SO2NHPh or C(5)-SO2N(alkyl)2, with the exception of 7 (C(5)-SO2N(CH2CH2Cl)2), the discrepancy of which already discussed.

Since our previously reported C(5)-halogen substituted 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole derivatives showed fairly potent inhibiting effects on VEGFR-2 (35–64% inhibition at 50 nM) [19], our next objective was bioisosteric replacement of the C(5)-halogens with an electron-withdrawing C(5)-CF3. Unfortunately, 11 (C(5)-CF3) had no inhibitory activity against VEGFR-2 at 80 nM.

The effect of a C(5)-OMe substituent of indoline-2-one scaffold on kinase inhibitory activity and selectivity is highly dependent on the C(3) substituents of indoline-2-one [22, 26]. Interestingly, our study showed that compound 13 (C(5)-OMe) substantially improved VEGFR-2 inhibition but not so noticeable in PDGFRβ inhibition. A more or less similar effect could be observed in 7 (C(5)-SO2N(CH2CH2Cl)2).

As Table 2 shows, in comparison to sunitinib, compounds 7 and 13 had six- and threefold lower IC50 values for VEGFR-2, respectively. Moreover, compared to their C(5)-OMe analog 13, compounds 14 (C(5)-OH) and 15 (C(5)-SH) even showed a two- and a fourfold decrease in IC50 values, respectively. On the other hand, the inhibiting activities of 7 and 13 in PDGFRβ were slightly more potent than those of sunitinib; however, 14 and 15 had a three- and an eightfold decrease in IC50 values for inhibiting PDGFRβ, respectively. Thus, both C(5)-OH and C(5)-SH substituents could significantly improve the activity of 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrroles in the inhibition of both VEGFR-2 and PDGFRβ. In accordance with Kammasud, we hypothesized that groups C(5)-OH and C(5)-SH probably produced favorable potency of 14 and 15 by providing additional hydrogen bonding interactions with ATP site of RTKs.

The results once again revealed a similar trend, i.e., different C(5) substitutions markedly affect the biochemical activities against VEGFR-2 and PDGFRβ. In summary, hydrogen-bond-donating (HBD) substituent at C(5) could greatly enhance inhibitory potency against both VEGFR-2 and PDGFRβ. These experimental results suggest that the influence of C(3) substituent to the C(5)-HBD substituted indoline-2-one scaffold needs further study.

In-vitro tube formation assay

In-vitro VEGF-induced tube formation inhibitory activity of 7, 13–15, and sunitinib were tested by Matrigel tube formation assay using ibidi μ-Slide angiogenesis kit. Figures 4 and 5 shows the photographs of Matrigel tube formation assays of control and tested compounds at 2.0, 1.0, 0.50 and 0.10 μM. Under these conditions, the density of tube-like structures was substantially reduced. Compounds 7 and 13–15 showed distinctly higher tube formation inhibitory activity than the reference drug sunitinib. Compared to sunitinib, 7 and 13 had twofold higher potency in inhibiting in vitro tube formation than sunitinib in terms of IC50 (Table 3). The more potent 14 and 15 were with IC50 roughly 2.5- and threefold stronger than sunitinib, respectively. These experimental results agree well with those for VEGFR-2 kinase inhibitory assays, suggesting that our synthetic compounds inhibited the in vitro tube formation via VEGFR-2 inhibition.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4

Compounds 7, 13–15, and sunitinib inhibited tube formation induced by VEGF. a Solvent control; b VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 0.1 μM sunitinib; c VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 0.10 μM 7; d VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 0.10 μM 13; e VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 0.10 μM 14; f VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 0.10 μM 15; g VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 0.50 μM sunitinib; h VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 0.50 μM 7; i VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 0.50 μM 13; j VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 0.50 μM 14; k VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 0.50 μM 15; l VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 1.0 μM sunitinib; m VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 1.0 μM 7; n VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 1.0 μM 13; o VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 1.0 μM 14

Fig. 5
Fig. 5

Compounds 7, 13–15, and sunitinib inhibited tube formation induced by VEGF. a VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 1.0 μM 15; b VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 2.0 μM sunitinib; c VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 2.0 μM 7; d VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 2.0 μM 13; e VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 2.0 μM 14; f VEGF (10 ng/ml) and 2.0 μM 15

Table 3

Inhibition activities of 7, 13–15, and sunitinib against in vitro tube formation

Compound

R

IC50 (μM)

Area

Sunitinib

–

1.54 ± 0.08

7

–SO2N(CH2CH2Cl)2

0.76 ± 0.11

13

–OMe

0.74 ± 0.16

14

–OH

0.62 ± 0.07

15

–SH

0.53 ± 0.11

Molecular modeling

The kinase inhibitory assays revealed that the VEGFR-2 and in vitro tube formation inhibitory activities of the synthetic compounds 7 and 13–15 exceeded that of sunitinib, and the C(5) substituents of 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole were critical for VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity. For further clarification of these results, sunitinib, 7, and 13–15 were examined and compared by docking into the ATP-binding site of VEGFR-2 (PDB ID: 4AGD) using Discovery Studio LibDock [43]. LibDock is a method placing the generated ligand conformations into the protein active site based on polar and apolar interaction sites (hotspot). Figure 6 shows the predicted binding modes of sunitinib, 7, and 13–15. Interestingly, the modeling results for compound 7 differed from those of compounds 13–15 in that 7 formed four hydrogen bonds with VEGFR-2: the Cl of C(5)-SO2N(CH2CH2Cl)2 and the NH of the oxindole scaffold of 7 formed hydrogen bonds with the same Cys919, the oxygen atom of C(5)-SO2N(CH2CH2Cl)2 with Cys1045, and the oxygen atom of pyrrolidone (C(4′)) with Asn923 (Fig. 6b). The docking results further showed that C(5)-SO2N(CH2CH2Cl)2 of 7 was laid in the hydrophobic pocket of the VEGFR-2 active site (Fig. 6c). The above experimental results might explain why compound 7 had the most potent VEGFR-2 inhibiting effects among 4–9. In Fig. 6d–f, the predicted binding modes of highly active compounds 13–15 reveal that each of them formed three hydrogen bonds with Lys868, Glu917, and Cys919, respectively. Additionally, compounds 13–15 all formed pi–pi interactions between their pyrrole-scaffolds and Phe918 of VEGFR-2 (Fig. 6d–f). Most notably, C(5)-OH of 14 and C(5)-SH of 15 formed hydrogen bonds with Lys686 of VEGFR-2 (Fig. 6e, f) while C(5)-OMe of 13, the methyl ether of 14 but with much lower activity, did not show any interaction with Lys868 due to the blockade of –OMe to hydrogen bond formation. These experimental results indicate that C(5)-HBD of 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole derivatives have important inhibiting effects on VEGFR-2 activity, and compounds 14 and 15 proved to be the case.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6

Sunitinib, 7, and 13–15 are docked into the active site of VEGFR-2 (PDB ID: 4AGD) in 3-dimentional structure. a Sunitinib in VEGFR-2; b 7 in VEGFR-2; c 7 in VEGFR-2 (the active site of VEGFR-2 was shown in hydrophobicity maps); d 13 in VEGFR-2; e 14 in VEGFR-2, f 15 in VEGFR-2. Compounds are showed in sticks; hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed yellow line; pi–pi interaction is shown in orange line; shades of brown indicate regions of high hydrophobicity; shades of white indicate regions of neutral, shades of blue indicate regions of low hydrophobicity

Conclusions

The novel series of 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole derivatives with various C(5) substitutions synthesized in our laboratory showed notable cellular and enzymatic anti-tumor activities. Several of these derivatives had superior inhibitory activity against VEGFR-2 and PDGFRβ compared to sunitinib. Among them, 14 (C(5)-OH) and 15 (C(5)-SH) possessed the highest potency and the highest selectivity in HCT116 cells. The preliminary results in further pharmacokinetic studies of compounds 14 and 15 were satisfactory. Detailed pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies are in progress and will be reported in future works.

Experiment section

Chemistry

All the chemicals were purchased from Aldrich-Sigma Chemical Company (St.  Louis, MO, USA) and Alfa-Aesar Chemical Company (Lancashire, Heysham,  England) and used without further purification. All reactions were routinely monitored by TLC on Merck F254 silica gel plates. Silica gel (70–230 mesh, Silicacycle) was used for column chromatography. The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were determined on an Agilent Varian-400 NMR (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) instrument in CDCl3, acetone-d 6, methanol-d 4, or acetic acid-d 6 unless otherwise noted. Chemical shifts (δ) were expressed as parts per million (ppm) downfield from tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard (σ 0.00), and coupling constants (J) were given in hertz (Hz). High-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) using a Bruker Impact HD (ESI) were performed in the Instrument Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology at the National Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan. Dry tetrahydrofuran (THF) was freshly distilled from lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) before use. All the other solvents were obtained from commercial sources and purified before use if necessary. Images were acquired with a Leica DM1000 LED microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Hessen, Germany). UV–VIS spectra were recorded on a Thermo Multiskan Go Microplate spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). IR spectra were registered on a Thermo Nicolet iS5 FT-IR spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with attenuated total reflection (ATR) method. The purities of the final compounds were all greater than 95% as determined by analytical reverse-phase HPLC.

General procedure for the preparation of compounds 4–15

The key intermediate 3 for preparation of target compounds was synthesized according to the method reported previously [19]. To each stirred solution containing 3 (263 mg, 1.00 mmol) in EtOH (15 ml) was added dropwise a solution of 5-substituted oxindole (1.00 mmol) in EtOH (2 ml) and then piperidine (0.1 ml) was added. After stirring at room temperature for 6 h, the precipitate formed was filtrated, washed with EtOH, and purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 90:10:1 EtOAc–MeOH–TEA).

(Z)-3-((5-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonamide (4)

The requisite oxindole-5-sulfonamide, for condensation with 3 to form target compound 4, was prepared in 60% yield by a modified method of amidation of 2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonyl chloride with ammonium hydroxide solution [32].

Yield of 4: 58%, orange solids. Mp: 252–255 °C, UV λmax (MeOH), nm (logɛ): 418 (4.21). IR (ATR), cm−1: 3239, 2976, 1600, 1562. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 8.26 (d, 1H, J = 1.2 Hz ArH), 7.74–7.77 (m, 2H, –C=CH–, ArH), 7.12 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 4.56 (s, 2H, Ar–CH 2 ), 4.00 (t, 2H, J = 5.6 Hz, –NCH 2 CH2–), 3.50 (t, 2H, J = 5.6 Hz, –NCH2CH 2 –), 3.37 (q, 4H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH3)2), 2.51 (s, 3H, Ar–CH 3 ), 1.31 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH2CH 3 )2). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 171.5, 169.5, 150.2, 142.0, 137.7, 133.8, 128.1, 127.4, 126.9, 126.5, 121.3, 117.9, 116.5, 111.2, 51.8, 48.1, 45.7, 39.5, 9.9, 8.7. HRMS m/z (ESI): calcd., 458.1869.1744 [M + H]+; found, 458.1857 [M + H]+.

(Z)-3-((5-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonamide (5)

The requisite N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonamide, for condensation with 3 to form target compound 5, was prepared in 74% yield by a modified method of amidation of 2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonyl chloride with dimethylamine in methanol [32].

Yield of 5: 56%, orange solids. Mp: 244–247 °C, UV λmax (MeOH), nm (logɛ): 428 (4.53). IR (ATR), cm−1: 2971, 1657, 1586. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 8.19 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, ArH), 7.86 (s, 1H, –C=CH–), 7.63 (dd, 1H, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, ArH), 7.18 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz, ArH), 4.57 (s, 2H, Ar–CH 2 ), 3.96 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, –NCH 2 CH2–), 3.50 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, –NCH2CH 2 –), 3.39 (q, 4H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH3)2), 2.68 (s, 6H, –N(CH 3 )2), 2.50 (s, 3H, Ar–CH 3 ), 1.33 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH2CH 3 )2). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 171.5, 169.5, 150.2, 142.4, 133.8, 129.7, 128.2, 128.1, 127.7, 127.1, 121.3, 119.5, 116.4, 111.3, 51.7, 48.5, 48.0, 39.4, 38.3, 10.0, 8.7. HRMS m/z (ESI): calcd., 486.2172 [M + H]+; found, 486.2170 [M + H]+.

(Z)-3-((5-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonamide (6)

2-Oxoindoline-5-sulfonyl chloride (2.32 g, 10.0 mmol), prepared by a modified method [32], was suspended in dichloromethane (20 ml). The resulting mixture was added dropwise a solution of triethylamine (1.21 g, 12.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 ml) and then a solution of diethylamine (0.90 g, 12.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 ml) was added. After stirring at room temperature for 8 h, the precipitate formed was filtrated, washed with dichloromethane, and purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc–Hexane) to yield 1.90 g (71%) of N,N-diethyl-2-oxoindoline5-sulfonamide (16) as pale yellow crystals. Mp: 155–156 °C, UV λmax (MeOH), nm (logɛ): 289 (4.64). IR (ATR), cm−1: 3159, 1707, 1615. 1H NMR (400 MHz, methanol-d 4) δ, ppm: 7.70 (d, 1H, J = 6.8 Hz, ArH), 7.69 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.02 (d, 1H, J = 6.8 Hz, ArH) 3.62 (s, 2H, ArCH 2 ), 3.21 (q, 4H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH3)2), 1.13 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH2CH 3 )2). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, methanol-d 4) δ, ppm: 179.6, 148.9, 134.7, 129.1, 128.2, 124.6, 110.6, 47.8, 43.4, 14.7. HRMS m/z (EI): calcd., 268.0882 [M]+; found, 268.0872 [M]+.

N,N-Diethyl-2-oxoindoline5-sulfonamide (16) obtained from above was used to condense with 3 to afford target compound 6 as described in general synthesis. Yield of 6: 57%, orange solids. Mp: 245–247 °C, UV λmax (MeOH), nm (logɛ): 429 (4.54). IR (ATR), cm−1: 2968, 1659, 1589. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 8.20 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz, ArH), 7.79 (s, 1H, –C=CH–), 7.63 (dd, 1H, J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 7.11 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 4.52 (s, 2H, Ar–CH 2 ), 3.92 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, –NCH 2 CH2–), 3.47 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, –NCH2CH 2 –), 3.36 (q, 4H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH3)2), 3.21 (q, 4H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH3)2), 2.47 (s, 3H, Ar–CH 3 ), 1.31 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH2CH 3 )2), 1.10 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH2CH 3 )2). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 171.4, 169.4, 150.1, 142.1, 134.7, 133.8, 128.1, 127.5, 127.2, 127.0, 121.3, 118.8, 116.5, 111.4, 51.7, 48.5, 48.1, 43.2, 39.4, 14.7, 10.0, 8.7. HRMS m/z (ESI): calcd., 514.2497 [M + H]+; found, 514.2483 [M + H]+.

(Z)-N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-3-((5-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonamide (7)

2-Oxoindoline-5-sulfonyl chloride (2.32 g, 10.0 mmol), prepared by a modified method [32], and bis(2-choroethyl)amine hydrochloride (2.14 g, 12.0 mmol) were suspended in dichloromethane (20 ml) and then was added dropwise a solution of triethylamine (2.23 g, 22.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 ml). After stirring at room temperature for 8 h, the precipitate formed was filtrated, washed with dichloromethane, and purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 1:4 EtOAc–Hexane). 2.13 g (63%) of N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonamide (17) as pale yellow solids. Mp: 193–195 °C, UV λmax (MeOH), nm (logɛ): 289 (4.60). IR (ATR), cm−1: 3157, 1704, 1615. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ, ppm: 7.76 (d, 1H, J = 8.4, ArH), 7.71 (s, 1H, ArH), 6.98 (d, 1H, J = 8.4, ArH), 3.70 (t, 4H, J = 7.0 Hz, –N(CH2 CH 2 Cl)2), 3.62 (s, 2H, ArCH 2 ) 3.49 (t, 4H, J = 7.0 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH2Cl)2). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, dmso-d 6) δ, ppm: 176.4, 148.2, 130.3, 128.0, 123.3, 117.5, 113.5, 109.2, 50.3, 42.3, 39.5.

N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonamide (17) obtained from above was used to condense with 3 to afford target compound 7 as described in general synthesis. Purification of 7 was performed by recrystallization from THF. Yield of 7: 54%, orange solids. Mp: 236–237 °C, UV λmax (MeOH), nm (logɛ): 428 (4.58). IR (ATR), cm−1: 2917, 1651, 1574. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 8.29 (s, 1H, –C=CH–), 7.87 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.73 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH,), 7.18 (d, 1H, J = 8.4, ArH), 4.60 (s, 2H, Ar–CH 2 ), 3.98 (2H, J = 7.2 Hz, –NCH 2 CH2–) 3.73 (t, 4H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH2CH 2 Cl)2), 3.53 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, –NCH2CH 2 –, –N(CH 2 CH2Cl)2), 3.39 (q, 4H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH3)2), 2.50 (s, 3H, Ar–CH 3 ), 1.31 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH2CH 3 )2). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 171.5, 169.5, 150.4, 142.6, 133.8, 133.4, 128.4, 127.9, 127.6, 127.3, 121.4, 119.0, 116.3, 111.5, 52.2, 51.8, 48.5, 48.1, 43.1, 39.4, 10.0, 8.7. HRMS m/z (ESI): calcd., 582.1718 [M + H]+; found, 582.1703 [M + H]+.

(Z)-3-((5-(2-(Diethylamino)ethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-2-oxo-N-phenylindoline-5-sulfonamide (8)

The requisite 2-oxo-N-phenylindoline-5-sulfonamide, for condensation with 3 to form target compound 8, was prepared in 83% yield by a modified method of amidation of 2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonyl chloride with aniline [32].

Yield of 8: 46%, orange solids. Mp: 225–228 °C, UV λmax (MeOH), nm (logɛ): 429 (4.47). IR (ATR), cm−1: 3213, 2963, 1667, 1557. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 8.12 (d, 1H, J = 1.6, ArH), 7.71 (s, 1H, –C=CH–), 7.59 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 1.6 Hz, ArH), 7.22–7.14, (m, 5H, ArH), 7.02 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 4.56 (s, 2H, Ar–CH 2 ), 3.95 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, –NCH 2 CH2–), 3.48 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, –NCH2CH 2 –), 3.37 (q, 4H, J = 7.0 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH3)2), 2.48 (s, 3H, Ar–CH 3 ), 1.31 (t, 6H, J = 7.0 Hz, –N(CH2CH 3 )2). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 171.3, 169.4, 150.2, 142.3, 138.4, 133.9, 133.7, 130.2, 128.1, 127.5, 127.3, 126.8, 125.9, 122.2, 121.3, 118.8, 116.2, 111.1, 51.7, 48.5, 48.1, 39.4, 10.0, 8.7. HRMS m/z (ESI): calcd., 534.2182 [M + H]+; found, 534.2181 [M + H]+.

(Z)-3-((5-(2-(Diethylamino)ethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-2-oxo-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)indoline-5-sulfonamide (9)

The requisite 2-oxo-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)indoline-5-sulfonamide, for condensation with 3 to form target compound 9, was prepared in 77% yield by a modified method of amidation of 2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonyl chloride with 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline [32].

Yield of 9: 46%, orange solids. Mp: 231–234 °C, UV λmax (MeOH), nm (logɛ): 429 (4.32). IR (ATR), cm−1: 3162, 1634, 1582. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 8.21 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.75 (s, 1H, –C=CH–), 7.68 (dd, 1H, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, ArH), 7.52 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.34 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.05 (d, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 4.58 (s, 2H, Ar-CH 2 ), 3.97 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, –NCH 2 CH2–), 3.50 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, –NCH2CH 2 –), 3.38 (q, 4H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH3)2), 2.50 (s, 3H, Ar–CH 3 ), 1.32 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH2CH 3 )2).

13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 171.4, 169.5, 150.4, 142.7, 142.3, 133.7, 128.3, 127.6, 127.5, 127.4, 127.4, 127.1, 126.9, 126.6, 126.6, 124.0, 121.4, 120.6, 118.8, 111.3, 51.8, 48.2, 48.1, 39.4, 39.5, 10.0, 8.7. HRMS m/z (ESI): calcd., 602.2060 [M + H]+; found, 602.2043 [M + H]+.

(Z)-N-(3-((5-(2-(Diethylamino)ethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-2-oxoindolin-5-yl)methanesulfonamide (10)

The requisite N-(2-oxoindolin-5-yl)methanesulfonamide, for condensation with 3 to form target compound 10, was prepared in 86% yield by a modified method of mesylation of 5-aminooxindole with methanesulfonyl chloride [33].

Yield of 10: 54%, orange solids. Mp: 245–247 °C, UV λmax (MeOH), nm (logɛ): 395 (4.43). IR (ATR), cm−1: 3539, 3260, 1681, 1586. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 7.65 (s, 1H, –C=CH–), 7.61 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz, ArH), 7.16 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.99 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 4.58 (s, 2H, Ar–CH 2 ), 3.98 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, –NCH 2 CH2-), 3.51 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, –NCH2CH 2 –), 3.89 (q, 4H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH3)2), 3.00 (s, 3H, –SO2CH 3 ), 2.49 (s, 3H, Ar-CH 3 ), 1.33 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH2CH 3 )2). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 171.5, 169.8, 149.7, 137.2, 133.6, 133.1, 127.3, 126.9, 126.3, 123.4, 121.0, 117.9, 115.1, 111.9, 52.0, 48.6, 48.2, 39.5, 10.0, 8.8. HRMS m/z (ESI): calcd., 472.2028 [M + H]+; found, 472.2013 [M + H]+.

(Z)-3-((5-(2-(Diethylamino)ethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-5-(trifluoromethyl)indolin-2-one (11)

Commercially available 5-trifluoromethyl-2-oxindoe was condensed with 7 to afford target compound 11 in a manner described above. Yield of 11: 60%, orange solids. Mp: 212–215 °C, UV λmax (MeOH), nm (logɛ): 415 (4.47). IR (ATR), cm−1: 3180, 1667, 1583. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 7.71 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz, ArH), 7.57 (s, 1H, –C=CH–), 7.11 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 7.04 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 4.60 (s, 2H, Ar–CH 2 ), 3.97 (t, 2H, J = 6.4 Hz, –NCH 2 CH2–), 3.49 (t, 2H, J = 6.4 Hz, –NCH2CH 2 –), 3.37 (q, 4H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH3)2), 2.48 (s, 3H, Ar–CH 3 ), 1.31 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH2CH 3 )2). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 171.6, 169.7, 150.1, 145.8, 137.9, 133.6, 127.8, 127.7, 127.0, 123.1, 121.3, 117.3, 113.3, 112.0, 51.8, 48.6, 48.1, 39.5, 9.9, 8.7. HRMS m/z (ESI): calcd., 464.2241 [M + NH4]+; found, 464.1999 [M + NH4]+.

(Z)-3-((5-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-5-nitroindolin-2-one (12)

The requisite 5-nitrooxindole, for condensation with 3 to form target compound 12, was prepared in 96% yield by a modified method of nitration of oxindole with HNO3/H2SO4 [33].

Yield of 12: 62%, light yellow solids. Mp: 229–230 °C, UV λmax (MeOH), nm (logɛ): 249 (4.62). IR (ATR), cm−1: 2971, 1671, 1553, 1551. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 8.52 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz, ArH), 8.11 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 7.82 (s, 1H, –C=CH–), 7.11 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 4.60 (s, 2H, Ar–CH 2 ), 3.99 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, –NCH 2 CH2–), 3.52 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, –NCH2CH 2 –), 3.40 (q, 4H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH3)2), 2.51 (s, 3H, Ar–CH 3 ), 1.34 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH2CH 3 )2). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 171.6, 169.4, 150.5, 144.6, 143.8, 133.7, 128.7, 127.9, 127.1, 124.1, 121.5, 115.9, 115.2, 111.0, 51.8, 48.6, 48.1, 39.4, 10.0, 8.7. HRMS m/z (ESI): calcd., 424.1979 [M + H]+; found, 424.1992 [M + H]+.

(Z)-3-((5-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-5-methoxyindolin-2-one (13)

The requisite 5-methoxyoxindole, for condensation with 3 to form target compound 13, was prepared in 78% yield by a modified method of Wolff-Kishner reduction of 5-methoxyisatin in the presence of N2H4 under basic conditions [34].

Yield of 13: 59%, orange solids. Mp: 214–216 °C, UV λmax (MeOH), nm (logɛ): 396 (4.69). IR (ATR), cm−1: 3028, 1672, 1577. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 7.62 (s, 1H, –C=CH–), 7.25 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.91 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 6.79 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 4.59 (s, 2H, Ar–CH 2 ), 3.98 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, –NCH 2 CH2–), 3.82 (s, 3H, –OCH 3 ), 3.51 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, –NCH2CH 2 –), 3.39 (q, 4H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH3)2), 2.47 (s, 3H, Ar–CH 3 ), 1.33 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH2CH 3 )2). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 171.5, 169.9, 157.1, 149.4, 133.5, 133.2, 127.3, 126.2, 125.5, 120.9, 118.9, 114.3, 112.0, 105.8, 55.6, 51.9, 49.2, 48.3, 39.5, 9.9, 8.8. HRMS m/z (ESI): calcd., 409.2234 [M + H]+; found, 409.2241 [M + H]+.

(Z)-3-((5-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-5-hydroxyindolin-2-one (14)

The requisite 5-hydroxyoxindole, for condensation with 3 to form target compound 14, was prepared in 56% yield by a modified method of demethylation of 5-methoxyoxindole with a solution of hydrobromic acid in acetic acid [30].

Yield of 14: 59%, orange solids. Mp: 240–242 °C, UV λmax (MeOH), nm (logɛ): 359 (4.70). IR (ATR), cm−1: 3368, 3171, 1657, 1581. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetic acid -d 4) δ, ppm: 7.50 (s, 1H, –C=CH–), 7.11 (d, 1H, J = 2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.82 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 6.72 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, ArH), 4.53 (s, 2H, Ar–CH 2 ), 3.96 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, –NCH 2 CH2–), 3.50 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, –NCH2CH 2 –), 3.38 (q, 4H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH3)2), 2.45 (s, 3H, Ar–CH 3 ), 1.33 (t, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, –N(CH2CH 3 )2). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 171.4, 169.9, 153.4, 149.3, 133.5, 132.6, 127.4, 125.9, 125.2, 120.7, 118.9, 115.4, 111.9, 106.9, 51.9, 48.6, 48.5, 48.2, 39.5, 9.9, 8.8. HRMS m/z (ESI): calcd., 395.2067 [M + H]+; found, 395.2078 [M + H]+.

(Z)-3-((5-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-5-mercaptoindolin-2-one (15)

The requisite 5-mercaptooxindole, for condensation with 3 to form target compound 15, was prepared in 90% yield by treatment of 2-oxoindoline-5-sulfonyl chloride with triphenylphosphine [29].

Yield: 62%, orange solids. Mp: 257–260 °C, UV λmax (MeOH), nm (logɛ): 394 (4.43). IR (ATR), cm−1: 3368, 3171, 1657, 1581. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 7.66 (s, 1H, –C=CH–), 7.51–7.48 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.06 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 4.67 (s, 2H, Ar–CH2), 4.00 (t, 2H, J = 5.6 Hz, –NCH 2 CH2–), 3.49 (t, 2H, J = 5.6 Hz, –NCH2CH 2 –), 3.39 (q, 4H, J = 7.0 Hz, –N(CH 2 CH3)2), 2.31 (s, 3H, Ar–CH 3 ), 1.33 (t, 6H, J = 7.0 Hz, –N(CH2CH 3 )2). 13C-NMR (100 MHz, acetic acid-d 4) δ, ppm: 171.3, 169.4, 149.8, 140.0, 133.5, 132.9, 131.8, 127.2, 127.0, 125.9, 123.9, 120.9, 117.2, 112.2, 51.8, 48.6, 48.1, 39.5, 9.9, 8.7. HRMS m/z (ESI): calcd., 410.1779 [M]+; found, 410.1771 [M]+.

Biology

Cell culture

The HCT116 (human colon cancer cells, BCRC 60349) and Detroit 551 (human normal fibroblast cells, BCRC 60118) were maintained in DMEM (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) containing 10% FBS (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA). NCI-H460 (BCRC 60373) and 786-O (BCRC 60243) cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) containing 10% FBS (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA). HUVEC (BCRC, H-UV001) was maintained in medium 199 (Sigma, St. Louis MO, USA) with 25 U/ml heparin (Sigma, St. Louis MO, USA), 30 μg/ml endothelial cell growth supplement (ECGS, Sigma, St. Louis MO, USA) containing 10% FBS (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA), and incubated at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere.

Cell proliferation assay

The cells incubated as above were plated at a density of 2000 cells/well (cancer cells) [41, 44, 45] or 10,000 cells/well (Detroit 551) [46] on a 96-well plate for 24 h. Serial dilutions of indicated compounds were added and incubated for additional 72 h. At the end of the incubation, cell viability was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The MTT formazan crystals formed were dissolved in DMSO, and the absorbance at 570 nm was recorded using a microplate spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) [46].

Acute cytotoxicity

The acute cytotoxicity effect of compounds 7 and 13–15, and sunitinib was determined by Cell-Counting-Kit-8 (Dojindo, Rockville, MD, USA) assay on HCT116, NCI-460, 786-O, and Detroit 551 cells according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Cells were seeded at 5000 cells/well on a 96-well plate for 24 h. The indicated compounds in different concentrations (100 μl) were added to cells. After 6 h, old medium was aspirated, and the cells were washed three times with PBS. WST-8 (Dojindo, Rockville, MD, USA) (10 µl) was added to each well, and the absorbance of the plate was recorded at 450 nm on a microplate spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Image cytometry

Cell cycle profiles of HCT116 cells were determined with an NC-3000 image cytometer (ChemoMetec, Allerod, Denmark) in accordance with manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, cells were seeded at 200,000 cells/well on a 6-well plate for 24 h. Two ml of indicated compounds (5.0 μM for sunitinib and 7, 3.0 μM for 13–15) were added to cells. After incubation for 24 h, 100,000 cells were harvested and centrifuged at 400 g at room temperature for 5 min, washed once with PBS (50 μM), and resuspended in lysis buffer (50 μl) (ChemoMetec, Allerod, Denmark) containing 10 μg/ml of 2-(4-amidinophenyl)-1H-indole-6-carboxamidine (DAPI, ChemoMetec, Allerod, Denmark). The cells were incubated at 37 °C for 5 min and then stabilization buffer (50 μl) (ChemoMetec, Allerod, Denmark) was added to the mixture. The cellular fluorescence was measured with an NC-3000 image cytometer using NC-SlideA8 (ChemoMetec, Allerod, Denmark). The NC-3000 software (ChemoMetec, Allerod, Denmark) was used for image acquisition, image analysis and quantification, and data visualization.

In-vitro tube formation assay

The in vitro tube formation assay was assessed using ibidi μ-Slides (15-well, ibidi GmbH, Martinsried, Germany) in accordance with manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, growth factor reduced Matrigel (10 μl) (Sigma, St. Louis MO) was added to the inner well of ibidi μ-Slides, and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. HUVEC cells were harvested by centrifugation, and the cell suspension was adjusted to 200,000 cells/ml by 10 ng/ml VEGF contained growth medium (M199) with or without indicated compounds 7, 13, 14, 15, or sunitinib in different concentrations (1.0, 0.50 and 0.10 μM). 10,000 HUVEC cells in 50 μl of above growth medium was added to Matrigel (Sigma, St. Louis MO, USA) coated ibidi μ-Slides. After 6 h of incubation at 37 °C, the supernatant was discarded, and 50 μl of serum-free medium with diluted calcein AM (6.25 μg/ml) was added to above ibidi μ-Slides. After incubation in the dark at room temperature for 30 min, the μ-Slides were washed with PBS (50 μl) and fluorescence pictures were taken at 485 nm with a Leica DM1000 LED microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Hessen, Germany).

In-vitro kinase assay

The Reaction Biology Corporation (http://www.reactionbiology.com) HotSpot assay platform was used to determine the inhibitory activity of 7, 13, 14, 15, and sunitinib against VEGFR-2, PDGFRβ, and Aurora A, measured by quantifying the amount of 33P incorporated into the substrate in the presence of the test compound [47]. Briefly, specific kinase and substrate and required cofactors were prepared in reaction buffer. Test compounds were added to the reaction and after 20 min a mixture of ATP (Sigma, St. Louis MO, USA) and 33P ATP (Perkin Elmer, Waltham MA, USA) was added to make a final concentration of 10.0 μM. Reactions were stood at room temperature for 120 min, and then the reactions were spotted onto a P81 ion exchange filter paper (Whatman Inc., Piscataway, NJ, USA). Unbound phosphate was removed by extensive washing of filters in 0.1% phosphoric acid. Kinase activity data was reported as the percent remaining kinase activity in test compounds compared to the solvent control dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

Molecular modeling

Ligands-receptor docking calculation was carried out in accordance with the LibDock protocol. Briefly, receptor active site and ligands were characterized into polar and apolar hotspots. The ligand poses were placed into the receptor site in accordance with hotspots map. In this study CHARMm force field was used for energy minimization of the ligand molecules and ligand–receptor binding. The binding sphere was defined based on the protein data bank (PDB) definition. Conformations of ligands were generated by the BEST method.

Statistical analysis

Statistical calculations were carried out with GraphPad Prism vision 5. Results are reported as the mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined by the unpaired student’s t test.

Abbreviations

EGF: 

epidermal growth factor

FGF: 

fibroblast growth factor

VEGF: 

vascular endothelial growth factor

PDGF: 

platelet-derived growth factor

RCC: 

renal cell carcinoma

GIST: 

gastrointestinal stromal tumor

pNET: 

pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor

PFS: 

progression free survival

SAR: 

Structure-activity relationship

EWG: 

electron-withdrawing group

HBD: 

hydrogen bond donating

NRP-1: 

neuropilin-1

SI: 

selectivity index

RTK: 

receptor tyrosine kinase

TMS: 

tetramethylsilane

LAH: 

lithium aluminum hydride

ATR: 

attenuated total reflection

TEA: 

triethylamine

MTT: 

3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide

DMSO: 

dimethyl sulfoxide

PDB: 

protein data bank

ESI: 

electrospray ionization

THF: 

tetrahydrofuran

Declarations

Authors’ contributions

T-HY, C-IL, W-HH, and A-RL conceived, designed, performed the experiments; analyzed the data; contributed the reagents/materials/analysis tools; wrote. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Science and Technology, R.O.C. for financially supporting this research under Contract No. MOST104-2320-B-016-004.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Availability of data and materials

All the main experimental data have been presented in the form of tables and figures. The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and in an additional file.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Funding

The research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Mingchuan East Road, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
(2)
School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Mingchuan East Road, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan

References

  1. Paleolog EM (2002) Angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res 4(Suppl 3):S81–S90View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  2. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2011) Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144:646–674View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  3. Folkman J (1971) Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 285:1182–1186View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  4. Holmgren L, O’Reilly MS, Folkman J (1995) Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression. Nat Med 1:149–153View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  5. Parangi S, O’Reilly M, Christofori G, Holmgren L, Grosfeld J, Folkman J et al (1996) Antiangiogenic therapy of transgenic mice impairs de novo tumor growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:2002–2007View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  6. Tonini T, Rossi F, Claudio PP (2003) Molecular basis of angiogenesis and cancer. Oncogene 22:6549–6556View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  7. Roskoski R Jr (2007) Sunitinib: a VEGF and PDGF receptor protein kinase and angiogenesis inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 356:323–328View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  8. Holmes K, Roberts OL, Thomas AM, Cross MJ (2007) Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2: structure, function, intracellular signalling and therapeutic inhibition. Cell Signal 19:2003–2012View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  9. Board R, Jayson GC (2005) Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR): a target for anticancer therapeutics. Drug Resist Update 8:75–83View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  10. Östman A, Heldin CH (2007) PDGF Receptors as targets in tumor treatment. Adv Cancer Res 97:247–274View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  11. Pietras K, Sjöblom T, Rubin K, Heldin C-H, Östman A (2003) PDGF receptors as cancer drug targets. Cancer Cell 3:439–443View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  12. Sun L, Liang C, Shirazian S, Zhou Y, Miller T, Cui J et al (2003) Discovery of 5-[5-fluoro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroindol-(3Z)-ylidenemethyl]-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid (2-diethylaminoethyl)amide, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial and platelet-derived growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. J Med Chem 46:1116–1119View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  13. Bergers G, Song S, Meyer-Morse N, Bergsland E, Hanahan D (2003) Benefits of targeting both pericytes and endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature with kinase inhibitors. J Clin Invest 111:1287–1295View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  14. Valle JW, Faivre S, Hubner RA, Grande E, Raymond E (2014) Practical management of sunitinib toxicities in the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Treat Rev 40:1230–1238View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  15. Cho TP, Dong SY, Jun F, Hong FJ, Liang YJ, Lu X et al (2010) Novel potent orally active multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors: synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and antitumor activities of 2-indolinone derivatives. J Med Chem 53:8140–8149View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  16. ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and efficacy study of famitinib in patients with advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma (FACT). https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02390947. Accessed 6 Apr 2017
  17. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of famitinib in patients with advanced non-squamous and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02356991. Accessed 6 Apr 2017
  18. ClinicalTrials.gov. Famitinib in treating patients with recurrent and/or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01392235. Accessed 16 Apr 2017
  19. Yang TH, Lee CI, Huang WH, Lee AR (2017) Synthesis and evaluation of novel 2-pyrrolidone-fused (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methylpyrrole derivatives as potential multi-target tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors. Molecules 22:913View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  20. Kammasud N, Boonyarat C, Sanphanya K, Utsintong M, Tsunoda S, Sakurai H et al (2009) 5-Substituted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, an inhibitor against three receptor tyrosine kinases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 19:745–750View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  21. Sun L, Tran N, Liang C, Hubbard S, Tang F, Lipson K et al (2000) Identification of substituted 3-[(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indol-2-yl)methylene]-1,3-dihydroindol-2-ones as growth factor receptor inhibitors for VEGF-R2 (Flk-1/KDR), FGF-R1, and PDGF-Rβ tyrosine kinases. J Med Chem 43:2655–2663View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  22. Troxler T, Greenidge P, Zimmermann K, Desrayaud S, Druckes P, Schweizer T et al (2013) Discovery of novel indolinone-based, potent, selective and brain penetrant inhibitors of LRRK2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 23:4085–4090View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  23. Henise JC, Taunton J (2011) Irreversible Nek2 kinase inhibitors with cellular activity. J Med Chem 54:4133–4146View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  24. Luo Y, Xiao F, Qian S, He Q, Lu W, Yang B (2011) Synthesis and evaluation of novel 5-sulfonyl-indolin-2-ones as potent cytotoxic agents. MedChemComm 2:1054–1057View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  25. Sestito S, Nesi G, Daniele S, Martelli A, Digiacomo M, Borghini A et al (2015) Design and synthesis of 2-oxindole based multi-targeted inhibitors of PDK1/Akt signaling pathway for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Eur J Med Chem 105:274–288View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  26. Li X, Huang P, Cui JJ, Zhang J, Tang C (2003) Novel pyrrolyllactone and pyrrolyllactam indolinones as potent cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13:1939–1942View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  27. Zhang J, Yang PL, Gray NS (2009) Targeting cancer with small molecule kinase inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer 9:28–39View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  28. Wu P, Nielsen TE, Clausen MH (2015) FDA-approved small-molecule kinase inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 36:422–439View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  29. Swahn BM, Inventor (2004) Novel substituted benzimidazole derivatives. WO patent 2004/099190 A1Google Scholar
  30. Shenoy N, Sorasuchart W, Koparkar A, Inventors, Sugen, Inc., assignee (2005) Formulations for pharmaceutical agents ionizable as free acids or free bases. United States patent 6878733 B1Google Scholar
  31. Bounaud PY, Nienaber V, Steensma RW, Lowe JA, Inventors; Zenobia Therapeutics Inc., assignee (2014) Lrrk2 inhibitors. United States patent 20140205537 A1Google Scholar
  32. Guan H, Laird AD, Blake RA, Tang C, Liang C (2004) Design and synthesis of aminopropyl tetrahydroindole-based indolin-2-ones as selective and potent inhibitors of Src and Yes tyrosine kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 14:187–190View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  33. Patel G, Roncal NE, Lee PJ, Leed SE, Erath J, Rodriguez A et al (2014) Repurposing human Aurora kinase inhibitors as leads for anti-protozoan drug discovery. MedChemComm 5:655–658View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  34. Pedras MS, Jha M (2005) Concise syntheses of the cruciferous phytoalexins brassilexin, sinalexin, wasalexins, and analogues: expanding the scope of the vilsmeier formylation. J Org Chem 70:1828–1834View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  35. Sun L, Tran N, Liang C, Tang F, Rice A, Schreck R et al (1999) Design, synthesis, and evaluations of substituted 3-[(3- or 4-carboxyethylpyrrol-2-yl)methylidenyl]indolin-2-ones as inhibitors of VEGF, FGF, and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinases. J Med Chem 42:5120–5130View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  36. Ahluwalia A, Jones MK, Szabo S, Tarnawski AS (2013) Aberrant, ectopic expression of VEGF and VEGF receptors 1 and 2 in malignant colonic epithelial cells. Implications for these cells growth via an autocrine mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 437:515–520View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  37. Barr MP, Gray SG, Gately K, Hams E, Fallon PG, Davies AM et al (2015) Vascular endothelial growth factor is an autocrine growth factor, signaling through neuropilin-1 in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer. 14:45View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  38. Huang D, Ding Y, Li Y, Luo WM, Zhang ZF, Snider J et al (2010) Sunitinib acts primarily on tumor endothelium rather than tumor cells to inhibit the growth of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 70:1053–1062View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  39. Cao Y, Guangqi E, Wang E, Pal K, Dutta SK, Bar-Sagi D et al (2012) VEGF exerts an angiogenesis-independent function in cancer cells to promote their malignant progression. Cancer Res 72:3912–3918View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  40. Fancelli D, Berta D, Bindi S, Cameron A, Cappella P, Carpinelli P et al (2005) Potent and selective Aurora inhibitors identified by the expansion of a novel scaffold for protein kinase inhibition. J Med Chem 48:3080–3084View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  41. Chiang CC, Lin YH, Lin SF, Lai CL, Liu C, Wei WY et al (2010) Discovery of pyrrole-indoline-2-ones as Aurora kinase inhibitors with a different inhibition profile. J Med Chem 53:5929–5941View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  42. Pitts TM, Bradshaw-Pierce EL, Bagby SM, Hyatt SL, Selby HM, Spreafico A et al (2016) Antitumor activity of the aurora a selective kinase inhibitor, alisertib, against preclinical models of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 7:50290–50301View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  43. McTigue M, Murray BW, Chen JH, Deng YL, Solowiej J, Kania RS (2012) Molecular conformations, interactions, and properties associated with drug efficiency and clinical performance among VEGFR TK inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:18281–18289View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  44. Zhao Y, Yu D, Wu H, Liu H, Zhou H, Gu R et al (2014) Anticancer activity of SAHA, a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor, in NCI-H460 human large-cell lung carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 44:451–458Google Scholar
  45. Tomita S, Ishibashi K, Hashimoto K, Sugino T, Yanagida T, Kushida N et al (2011) Suppression of SOCS3 increases susceptibility of renal cell carcinoma to interferon-α. Cancer Sci 102:57–63View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  46. Lee SM, Chiang SH, Wang HY, Wu PS, Lin CC (2015) Curcumin enhances the production of major structural components of elastic fibers, elastin, and fibrillin-1, in normal human fibroblast cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 79:247–252View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  47. Anastassiadis T, Deacon SW, Devarajan K, Ma H, Peterson JR (2011) Comprehensive assay of kinase catalytic activity reveals features of kinase inhibitor selectivity. Nat Biotechnol 29:1039–1045View ArticleGoogle Scholar

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2017

Advertisement

BMC Chemistry

ISSN: 2661-801X

Contact us