Table 3 Comparison of IL-UA-DLLME with other methods for the determination of pyrethroids in liquid samples
Sample | Analyte | Extraction method | Detection method | Extraction solvent | Organic solvent consumption (mL) | Sample volume (mL) | LOD | Linear range | Recovery (%) | EF | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fruit juices | Tetramethrin, fenpropathrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin | DLLMEa | HPLC–UV | Chloroform | 1.25 mL of methanol, 0.3 mL of chloroform | 5.00 | 2.0–5.0 μg L−1 | 2.0–1500 μg L−1 | 84–94 | 62–84 | [25] |
Water | Ethofenprox, lambda-cyhalothrin, d-phenothrin, bifenthrin | IL-DLLMEb | HPLC–UV | [C6MIM][PF6] | 0.6 mL of methanol | 5.00 | 10.38–15.56 μg L−1 | 50–2000 μg L−1 | 88–98 | 260–319 | [26] |
Water | Allethrin, cypermethrin, prallethrin, tetramethrin, transfluthrin, and imiprothrin | UA-DLLMEc | HPLC–UV | Tetrachloromethane | 20 μL of tetrachloromethane, 1.0 mL of acetone | 10.00 | 0.1–0.3 μg L−1 | 0.6–1520 μg L−1 | 86–109 | 767–1033 | [27] |
Vegetable oils | Fenpropathrin, sumithrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, deltamethrin | LLE-DLLMEd | GC-FIDe | Dimethylformamide | 4.5 mL n-hexane, 1 mL DMF, | 5.00 | 0.02–0.17 mg kg−1 | 0.06–6 mg kg−1 | 85–109 | 40–70 | [28] |
TCM oral liquid | Beta-cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, tau-fluvalinate, fenvalerate | UA-DLLME | HPLC–UV | [C8MIM][PF6] | 0.8 mL of acetonitrile | 5 | 7–24 μg L−1 | 0.1–10 mg L−1 | 80.1–106.4 | 98–150 | This work |