Table 1 Other bioactivities of Citrus fruits reviewed from studies in latest 6 years
Bioactivities | Components | Sources | Subjects | Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hepatoprotective effects | Citromitin, tangeretin, nobiletin | C. depressa juice | d-Galactosamine-treated rats | Suppression on d-galactosamine-induced liver injury | [37] |
Limonin | Citrus fruits | d-Galactosamine-treated rats | Attenuation of the markers of hepatic damage and hepatic inflammation Suppression on oxidative stress and expression of TLR-4 but not TLR-2 | [109] | |
Anti-microbial effects | Essential oils | Three C. species (orange, lemon, madarin) from Spain | Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Enteritidis | Inhibition of spoiling and pathogenic microorganisms | [110] |
Naringenin | Citrus fruits | Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 | Attenuation of Salmonella Typhimurium virulence and cell motility | [111] | |
Naringenin, kaempferol, quercetin and apigenin | Citrus fruits | Escherichia coli O157:H7 and V. harveyi | Affection on antagonists of cell–cell signalling Suppression the biofilm formation Alteration the expression of genes encoding type three secretion system in V. harveyi ( naringenin) | [112] | |
Anti-allergic effects | Hesperetin, naringenin | Citrus fruits | Rat basophil leukemia RBL-2H3 cells | Inhibition of degranulation by suppression of pathway signals Reduction the symptoms of allergy by inhibiting phosphorylation of Akt | [113] |
Anti-melanogenesis effects | Extract | Unripe fruit of C. hassaku | Cultured murine B16 melanoma cells, the dorsal skin of brownish guinea pigs | Inhibition of melanogenesis without any effects on cell proliferation in cultured murine B16 melanoma cells after glucosamine exposure Prevention effects in vivo against UVB-induced pigmentation | [114] |
Anti-obesity anti-hyperglycemic effects | Limonoid, nomilin | Citrus fruits | Mice fed a high-fat diet | Mediation through the activation of TGR5 | [115] |
Anti-obesity effects | Extract | Peels of immature C. sunki | High-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice and mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes | Elevation of β-oxidation and lipolysis in adipose tissue | [116] |
Polymethoxyflavones, coumarin derivatives | Peels of Citrus fruits | Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells | Monitoring the prevention of accumulation of lipid droplets | [46] | |
Inhibitory effects on pulmonary fibrosis | Alkaline | C. reticulata | Pulmonary fibrosis rats | Inhibition of the proliferation of MRC-5 Prevention effect on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats | [117] |
Anti-diabetic effects | Extract | Yuja (C. junos Tanaka) pulp | Mice fed a high fat diet | Reduction the weight gain and the rise in liver fat content, serum triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and insulin resistance Reduction the secretion of adipocytokines such as leptin and resistin Increase on phosphorylation of AMPK in muscle tissues | [118] |
Wound healing effects | Extract | C. tamurana | Fibroblasts cells (TIG-119) | Inhibition proliferation of TIG-119 cells at higher concentration (>1.0Â mg/mL) Exhibition linear and time-dependent cell proliferation at lower concentrations (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75Â mg/mL) Acceleration the migration of cells towards the wounded region | [119] |
Antianxiety-like effects | Chimpi | Dried Citrus peels | ICR male mice | Possession a significant anxiolytic-like effect similar to that of fluoxetine | [120] |