Table 1 A comparative analysis of methods for Cannabis determination
Drugs | Amount of hair | Decontamination | Extraction protocol | Instrument | Linear range | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
THC | 50 | DCM | LLE (MeOH) | UHPLC–MS/MS | 6–27 | [53] |
THC | 50 | DCM | LLE (n-hexane/ethyl acetate) (90:10, v/v) | UHPLC–MS/MS | 0.02–5.4 | [33] |
THC | 50 | DCM | Ball mill | LC–MS/MS | 30 | [28] |
THC | 50 | DCM | Digestion(ACN) | LC–MS/MS | 0.2–50 | [71] |
LLE (n-hexane/ethyl acetate, SPE (Strata-X) | ||||||
THC, THC-COOH | 20 | MeOH | Ethyl acetate | LC–MS/MS | 1 | [27] |
THC | 20 | Nil | ACN/MeOH/20 mM ammonium formate buffer pH 3(10:10:80, v:v:v) | LC–MS/MS | 2–82 | [82] |
THC-COOH, THC | 50 | Water, acetone | MeOH | LC–MS/MS | 2.5–20 | [83] |
THC-COOH, THC | 50 20 | Petroleum ether | MeOH MeOH | LC-MS/MS LC-TOF | 2.5–20 5–75 | [83] [54] |
THC-COOH, THC Cannabinoids | 50 20 | Shampoo, water, acetone | MeOH MeOH | LC-MS/MS LC-TOF | 2.5–20 5–75 | [83] [54] |
THC | 20 | Water, acetone | MeOH/ACN/water/2 mM ammonium formate (25:25:50, v/v/v) | LC-TOF | 3–15 | [84] |
THC | 50 | DCM | Enzymatic digestion, LLE (pentane) | GC–MS | 15–20 | [85] |
THC | 10 | Water, acetone | Digestion (1 M NaOH), Derivitisation MSTFA | GC–MS | 10–120 | [52] |
THC | 10–20 | Water, acetone | Digestion with 1 M NaOH Derivatization with BSTFA + 1% TMCS | GC–MS | 15–30 | [48] |
THC | 10 | Petroleum ether | Digestion with 1 M NaOH | GC–MS | 70 | [86] |
THC-THCA-A | 30–50 | Water, acetone, petroleum ether | Digestion with 1 N NaOH LLE with n-hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1, v/v) derivatization with MSTFA | GC–MS | 20–50 | [47] |
THC | 10 | Petroleum ether, water, ACN | Digestion with 1 M NaOH | GC–MS | 7–31 | [50] |
THC-COOH | 25 | Isopropyl alcohol | LLE with n-hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1, v/v) Derivatization with PFPA/PFPOH | GC-NCI-MS | 0.02 | [46] |
THC-COOH, THC | 20–50 | Nil | Digestion with 1 M NaOH LLE with n-hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1, v/v) | GC-NCI-MS | 0.01 | [87] |
THC-COOH | 20 | DCM | SPE (Bond Elut Certify) Derivatization with TFAA + HFIP | 2D GC–NCI–MS | 0.05 | [49] |
THC | Single hair | DCM | Nil | Nil | Nil | [88] |
THC | 20 | Shampoo, deionized water, acetone | Methanol methanol/water(1:1, v:v) | LC–TOF | 0.0125 | [54] |
THC | 50 | Water, petrol ether, methanol | Methanol, SPE, derivatization MTBSTFA | GC–MS | 0.1-LLOQ | [89] |
THC | 50 | Dichloromethane | Methanol, hexane/ethyl acetate (90:10, v:v) derivatization HFBA/ethyl acetate | GC–MS | Nil | [69] |
THC | Acetone, petroleum ether | Methanol, HS SPE | HPLC–ED | 300 | [89] | |
THC-COOH | 15 | Nil | Methanol, SPE Narc-1 SP cartridge Pentafluoropropanol/PFPA | GC–MS/MS | 0.1 LLOQ | [70] |
THC | 50 | Dichloromethane | Acetonitrile, LLE (hexane:ethyl acetate (55:45, v:v)) SPE: Strata-X cartridge | LC–MS/MS | 0.05 | [71] |
THC | 10 | Nil | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays | Immunoassay test | 100 | [90] |
THC-COOH | 30 | Water, acetone, methanol, dichloromethane, phosphate buffer | 0.1 M NaOH, SPE (Waters Milford) | LC/SACI-ESIMS/MS–MS | Nil | [24] |
THC-COOH | 20 | Methanol | NaOH, LLE (n-hexane:ethyl acetate 9:1, v:v) PFPA/PFPOH | GC-NCI-MS | 0.025 ng/mg | [91] |
THC,THC-COOH | 20 | Methanol | NaOH, LLE (n-hexane:ethyl acetate 9:1, v:v) PFPA/PFPOH | GC-NCI-MS | THC: 2.5 ng/mg THCCOOH: 0.025 ng/mg | [92] |
THC-COOH | Methanol | NaOH, LLE (n-hexane:ethyl acetate 9:1, v:v) PFPA/PFPOH | GC-NCI-MS | [44] | ||
THC, THC-COOH | 30–50 | Water, petrol, ether, acetone | NaOH, LLE (n-hexane:ethyl acetate 9:1, v:v) MSTFA | GC–MS | 0.02 ng/mg | [47] |
THC | 10 | Petroleum ether, deionized water, dichloromethane | NaOH, SPME (PDMS fiber) | GC–MS/MS | 0.031 ng/mg | [93] |
THC | 10 | Petroleum ether, deionized water, dichloromethane | NaOH, HF–LPME | GC–MS/MS | 0.015 ng/mg | [50] |
THC | 10 | Water, acetone | NaOH, NaCl, SFME, deriv. MSTFA | GC–MS | 0.012 ng/mg | [52] |
THC-COOH | 25 | Isopropyl alcohol | NaOH, LLE (n-hexane:ethyl acetate, 9:1, v:v) PFPOH/PFPA | GC–MS/MS | 0.02 ng/mg | [46] |
THC | 15 | Deionized water, acetone | NaOH, SPME | GC–MS | 0.012 ng/mg | [48] |
THC | 50 | Dichloromethane | NaOH, LLE (n-hexane) | GC/MS | 0.025 ng/mg | [42] |
THC | 50 | Isopropyl alcohol | NaOH, LLE (n-hexane–ethyl acetate, 75:25 v:v) | GC–MS | 0.006 ng/mg | [44] |
THC-COOH | 25 | Isopropyl alcohol | NaOH, LLE (n-hexane–ethyl acetate 9:1 v:v) PFPOH/PFPA | GC–MS/MS | 0.015 ng/mg | [45] |
THC | 10 | Deionised water, petroleum ether, dichloromethane | NaOH, SPME, MSTFA | GC–MS | 0.05 ng/mg | [94] |
THC | Deionised water, petroleum ether, dichloromethane | NaOH, HS-SPDE, MSTFA | GC–MS | 0.14 ng/mg | [95] | |
THC | Dichlorometane | NaOH | GC–MS | 0.1 ng/mg | [73] | |
THC-COOH | 20 | Dichlorometane | NaOH, SPE(n-hexane–ethyl acetate, 75:25 v:v) | GC–MS | 0.3 | [72] |
THC-COOH | Nil | NaOH, hexane/ethyl acetate | GC–MS | 0.3 | [96] | |
THC, THC-COOH | KH2PO4 1 M, water, methanol | Hexane/ethyl acetate, TMSI/HFIP/PFPA | GC–MS/MS | 0.1–1 | [97] | |
THC-COOH | 50 | Nil | NaOH, LLE (n-hexane–ethyl acetate 9:1 v:v) BSTFA | GC–MS/MS | Nil | [98] |
THC-COOH | 20 | Dichloromethane | NaOH, SPE (n-hexane–ethyl acetate, 75:25 v:v) TFAA/HFIP | GC–MS/MS | 0.05 LLOQ | [49] |
THC-COOH | 20 | Methanol | NaOH, LLE (n-hexane–ethyl acetate 9:1 v:v) PFPOH/PFPA | GC–MS | 0.025 ng/mg | [92] |
THC-COOH | 20 | Dichloromethane | NaOH, SPE (n-hexane–ethyl acetate, 75:25 v:v) TFAA/HFIP | GC–MS | Nil | [72] |
THC-COOH | 50 | Dichloromethane | NaOH, LLE (n-heptane-ethyl acetate 9:1 v:v) PFPOH/PFPA | GC–MS/MS | 0.05 ng/mg | [99] |
THC | 50 | DCM | MeOH | UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS (QqQ) | 6–27 | [53] |
THC | 50 | DCM | LLE with n-hexane and ethyl acetate SPE | LC–ESI–MS/MS (QqQ) | 0.2–50 | [71] |
THC, THC-COOH | 20 | Washing sonication MeOH | LLE ethyl acetate | LC–ESI–MS/MS (QqQ) | 1 | [42] |
THC, THC-COOH | 50 | Water acetone petroleum ether | MeoH | LC–ESI–MS/MS (QTrap) | LOQ 2.5–20 | [83] |
THC | 50 | DCM | LLE pentane | GC-EI/MS | 15–20 | [85] |
THC | 15–30 | Water acetone | HS-SPME | GC-EI/MS | 10–20 | [52] |
THC | 10 | Petroleum ether | HS-SPME | GC-EI/MS | 70 | [86] |
THC | 10 | DCM water petroleum ether | HS-SPME | GC-EI/MS/MS (IT) | 7–31 | [50] |
THC-COOH | 25 | Isopropyl alcohol | LLE n-hexane/ethyl acetate | GC–NCI–MS/MS (QqQ) | 0.02 | [46] |
THC THC-COOH | 20-50 | NaoH | LLE n-hexane/ethyl acetate | GC–NCI–MS/MS (QqQ) | 0.01 | [87] |
Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol | DMC | LLE n-hexane/ethyl acetate | DART-MS LC/MS/MS | Nil | [88] | |
THCA-A, THC | Water acetone, petroleum ether | methanol | LC–MS/MS MRM mode | 2.5 pg/mg 20 pg/mg for THC | [51] | |
THCA-A, THC | Water acetone , petroleum ether | alkaline hydrolysis, followed by LLE | GC–MS monitoring (SIM) mode analysis | LOD (THCA A) 0.05 ng/mg LOD (THC) 0.02 ng/mg | [47] | |
THCA-A and THC | Water acetone, petroleum ether | 2 mL MeOH | (LC–MS/MS) | n 1–2.5 pg/mg THCA-A 5–10 pg/mg for THC | [51] | |
THC-COOH THC THCA-A | 1–2 mm | Water acetone | MeOH | LC–MS/MS GC–MS HS–SPME–GC–MS | 1.6–36 0.71–3.27 0–2.75 | [51] |
THCCOOH THC THC-OH | 10 mg | Chloroform/isopropanol | MeOH solid phase extraction | GC–MS/MS | 0.05 ng/mL, 0.004 ng/mL | [100] |
THC-COOHTHC and THC | 200-mg | Methanol in an ultrasonic bath | LLE ethyl acetate NaOH vertex | LC–MS/MS s | 0.1 ng/mL | [27] |
THC-COOH | 25 mg | Methyl alcohol | Amiodarone VMA-T M3 reagent | UHPLC–MS/MS | 0.09 pg/mg | [101] |
Δ-9-THC, cannabidiol cannabinol | 25 mg | Methyl alcohol Diethyl ether | VMA-T M3 reagent | UHPLC–MS/MS | 0.01 to 0.1 ng | [101] |
THC | 60 mg | Methanol SDS wash | LLE n-hexane/ethyl acetate | UPLC SEM | 0.02 | [45] |
THC CBN CBD | 0.5 g | Mechanical stirring DMC Ultrapure water | LLE HPLC | HPLC LC/MS/MS | Nil | [102] |
THCCOOH | 20 mg) | Methanol | 1 M NaOH acetic acid n-hexane:ethyl acetate LLE | LC/MS/MS | LOQ (2 pg/20 mg hair) | [103] |
THC, CBN, CBD | 2.0 M sodium hydroxide | Liquid–liquid extraction with hexane/ethyl acetate | HPLC–MS/MS | 0.25, 0.21, and 0.22 ng g | [76] | |
Synthetic cannabinoids | 100 mg | 0.5 M sodium hydroxide | Liquid–liquid extraction with hexane/ethyl acetate | 1260 HPLC-Q-TOF | 10 | [104] |
THCCOOH THC | 20 mg | 1 M sodium hydroxide | Liquid–liquid extraction with hexane/ethyl acetate | GC/MS/MS-NCI | Nil | [105] |
THC, CBD, CBN | 50–100 mg | Water, petrol ether, methanol | SPE | GC–MS | 0.1 pg/mg | [70] |
THC, CBD, CBN | 20 mg | Shampoo, deionized water, acetone, air-dried overnight | 1 mL methanol/water (1:1 v1:v1) filtered 0.45 PTFE syringe filter | LC–TOFMS | Nil | [54] |
THC, CBD, CBN | 50 mg | Dichloromethane | LLE | GC–MS | Nil | [69] |
THC, CBD, CBN | Acetone, petrol ether | Ultra sonication | HPLC–ED | 300 (ng/mg) | [89] | |
THC and THC-COOH | 20 mg | Washed in methanol for 30 s | Acidified methanol (2 mL) for 18 h at 45 °C | LC–MS/MS | LoQ of 75 pg/mg | [106] |
11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC | Methanol/water wash follow NaOH digest at 75 °C | Hexane/ethyl acetate liquid extraction | HPLC SCIEX 6500 + QTRAP system | 0.2 pg/mg | [107] | |
THC], THC-OH, THC-COOH | segmented in 1 cm | Methanol chloroform/isopropanol | Ultra sonication SPE | GC–MS/MS | 0.05 ng/mL | [108] |
THC, CBD, CBN | Sodium hydroxide solution | Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) | GC–MS/MS | 0.01 ng/mg | [109] | |
THC | 20 mg | methanol | Acidified methanol 18 h at 45 C | LC–MS/MS. | 75 pg/mg | [106] |
THC, CBN | Water, acetone, NaOH | Solid-phase extraction | GC–MS/MS | [110] | ||
THC-COOH | 10 mg | 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, water, and methanol | Micro pulverized extraction (MPE) | (LC/MS/MS | 0.2 pg/mg | [55] |
Cannabis | 30 mg | Tween 80, Acetone | Methanolic incubation Sonication | LC-HRMS | 2 to 30 pg/mg | [111] |
Cannabis | Methanol | 6-h ultrasonic-assisted methanolic extraction | GC–MS/MS | [112] | ||
Synthetic cannabinoids | Samples were fortified by soaking | Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) SPE | HPLC-HRMS | 9 to 40 pg/mg | [113] | |
THC CBN CBD | 3 − 6 cm 100 mg | n-hexane Acetone | LLE n-hexane/ethyl acetate | GC–MS SIM | 0.01 0.06 0.03 | [109] |
D9-THC | 50 mg | 0.1 N HCl NaOH 2 M | Liquid–liquid extraction | GC–MS ELISA | [114] | |
THC, CBN, CBD | 5 cm | Water methanol | MALDI-MS/MS | Quadrupole LC–MS/MS | [115] |