Table 1 Current generation reports of graphene-based biosensors for PC biomarker detection

ECHEM

rGO-MWCNT/AuNPs

PSA

1.0 pg/mL

(0.005–20) ng/mL for DPV, (0.005-100) ng/mL for EIS

[132]

ECHEM

rGO/Ag@BSA

HCG, PSA, CEA

0.0007 mIU/mL for HCG, 0.35 pg/mL for PSA, and 0.33 pg/mL for CEA

(0.002-120) mIU/mL for HCG, (0.001–110) ng/mL for PSA, (0.001–100) ng/mL for CEA

[127]

ECHEM

Au@Th/GO, PtCu@rGO/graphitic carbon nitride

PSA

16.6 fg/mL

50 fg/mL–40 ng/mL

[128]

ECHEM

GO/ssDNA/PLLA NPs

VEGF, PSA

–

(0.05-100) ng/mL for VEGF, (1-100) ng/mL for PSA

[118]

ECHEM

Fe₃O₄/PDDA/GO

PSA, PSMA

15 fg/mL for PSA, 4.8 fg/mL for PSMA

(61 fg/mL–3.9 pg/mL) for PSA, (9.8 fg/mL–10 pg/mL) for PSMA

[129]

ECHEM

Au@PBNPs/O-GS, Au@NiNPs/O-GS

fPSA, PSA

6.7 pg/mL for fPSA, 3.4 pg/mL for PSA

(0.02–10) ng/mL for fPSA, (0.01–50) ng/mL for PSA

[126]

ECHEM

GS/DA/Fe₃O₄/FC

PSA

2 pg/mL

(0.01–40) ng/mL

[92]

ECHEM

Carbon-graphene/aptamer

EN2 protein

38.5 nM

(35–185) nM

[119]

ECHEM

GS-MB-CS

PSA

13 pg/mL

(0.05–5.00) ng/mL

[93]

ECHEM

3D graphene/Au

PSA

0.59 ng/mL

(0–10) ng/mL

[94]

FET

rGO

PSA-ACT

100 fg/mL

(10⁻⁷–1) μg/mL

[105]

Fluorescence

GQDs–NR

ACP

28 μU/mL

(0–1500) μU/mL

[133]

Fluorescence

GO/peptide/FITC

PSA

0.3 nM

(0–20) nM

[64]

ECL

Au/Ag-rGO/aminated-GQDs/carboxyl-GQDs

PSA

0.29 pg/mL

1 pg/mL–10 ng/mL

[96]

ECL

graphene

PSA

8 pg/mL

10 pg/mL–8 ng/mL

[95]

Colorimetric

GO/MB

PSA

–

–

[134]