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Table 5 Hazard quotient for potential non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) and cumulative hazard indices (HI) for each heavy metal present in the groundwater samples from the boreholes in Muledane village as consumed by adults and children via ingestion and dermal absorption pathways between January and June

From: Evaluation of water quality and human risk assessment due to heavy metals in groundwater around Muledane area of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Metals

RfDing (µg/kg/day)

RfDderm (µg/kg/day)

Statistical parameter

January

April

June

Adults

Children

Adults

Children 

Adults

Children

HQing

HQderm

HQing

HQderm

HQing

HQderm

HQing

HQderm

HQing

HQderm

HQing

HQderm

Cr

3

0.075

Minimum

Maximum

8.74E−05

1.51E−03

3.32E−05

5.72E−04

3.33E−04

5.75E−03

2.95E−06

5.09E−05

4.82E−05

3.55E−04

1.83E−05

1.35E−04

1.84E−04

1.35E−03

1.63E−06

1.20E−05

6.13E−05

3.02E−04

2.33E−05

1.15E−04

2.34E−04

1.16E−03

2.07E−06 1.02E−05

Cu

40

8

Minimum

Maximum

7.53E−06

1.11E−04

1.79E−07

2.63E−06

2.87E−05

4.23E−04

1.59E−08

2.34E−07

5.17E−05

3.07E−04

1.22E−06

7.28E−06

1.97E−04

1.17E−03

1.09E−07

6.45E−07

1.51E−05

1.37E−04

3.57E−07

3.24E−06

5.75E−05

5.21E−04

3.18E−08

2.88E−07

Fe

700

140

Minimum

Maximum

9.47E−06

8.01E−05

2.25E−07

1.90E−06

3.62E−05

3.06E−04

2.00E−08

1.69E−07

6.49E−06

4.15E−05

1.54E−07

9.85E−07

2.48E−05

1.59E−04

1.37E−08

8.76E−08

6.77E−06 6.25E−05

1.61E−07 1.48E−06

2.58E−05 2.39E−04

1.43E−08 1.32E−07

Mn

24

0.96

Minimum

Maximum

1.26E−05

1.08E−03

1.49E−06

1.28E−04

4.80E−05

4.12E−03

1.32E−07

1.14E−05

1.00E−04

1.53E−03

1.19E−05

1.81E−04

3.82E−04

5.83E−03

1.06E−06

1.61E−05

1.49E−05

3.91E−04

1.77E−06

4.64E−05

5.71E−05

1.49E−03

1.58E−07

4.13E−06

Pb

1.4

0.42

Minimum

Maximum

3.44E−05

1.85E−04

2.18E−06

1.17E−05

1.32E−04

7.07E−04

1.94E−07

1.04E−06

1.46E−04

5.64E−04

9.26E−06

3.57E−05

5.59E−04

2.15E−03

8.23E−07

3.17E−06

5.81E−05

4.97E−04

3.68E−06

3.15E−05

2.22E−04

1.90−03

3.27E−07

2.80E−06

Zn

30

60

Minimum

Maximum

4.02E−05

2.41E−04

5.72E−08

3.43E−07

1.53E−04

9.21E−04

5.09E−09

3.05E−08

4.26E−05

2.34E−04

6.06E−08

3.34E−07

1.63E−04

8.95E−04

5.39E−09

2.97E−08

2.81E−06

1.43E−04

4.00E−09

2.03E−07

1.07E−05

5.45E−04

3.56E−10

1.81E−08

Cd

0.5

0.025

Minimum

Maximum

6.03E−05

2.41E−03

5.72E−06

1.14E−05

4.60E−03

9.21E−03

5.09E−07

1.02E−06

6.03E−05

1.21E−04

5.72E−06

1.14E−05

2.30E−04

4.60E−04

5.09E−07

1.02E−06

6.03E−05

9.04E−05

5.72E−06

8.58E−06

2.30E−04

3.45E−04

5.09E−07

7.63E−07

HIing/derm

–

–

Minimum

Maximum

2.52E−03

5.61E−03

4.31E−05

7.28E−04

5.33E−03

2.14E−02a

3.83E−06

6.7E−05

4.56E−04

3.15E−03

4.66E−05

3.72E−04

1.74E−03

1.20E−02a

4.14E−06

3.30E−05

2.19E−04

1.62E−03

3.50E−05

2.06E−04

8.37E−04

6.20E−03

3.11E−06

1.83E−05

  1. aCalculated maximum HI values found in the sample
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BMC Chemistry

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