Table 4 Composition of BEO and gaseous phase in equilibrium with the liquid at 0, 22 and 40 °C
From: Aromatherapy: composition of the gaseous phase at equilibrium with liquid bergamot essential oil
Entry | Compound | Essential oil compositiona | Gaseous phase composition at 0 °C | Gaseous phase composition at 22 °C | Gaseous phase composition at 40 °C | Biological activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GC–MS (w/w% ± SD) | GC–MS (w/w% ± SD) | GC–MS (w/w% ± SD) | GC–MS (w/w% ± SD) | |||
Cyclic hydrocarbon monoterpenes | ||||||
1 | α-Pinene | 1.03 ± 0.10 | 6.90 ± 0.10 | 5.38 ± 0.10 | 1.29 ± 0.03 | Anticancer [35] Anti-inflammatory [36] |
2 | β-Pinene | 6.56 ± 0.14 | 25.90 ± 0.40 | 19.69 ± 0.31 | 7.10 ± 0.05 | Anti-depressant [37] Antibacterial [38] |
3 | α-Phellandrene | 0.04 ± 0.01 | – | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | Anti-proliferative [39] Anti-inflammatory [40] |
4 | α-Terpinene | 0.16 ± 0.02 | – | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | Antioxidant [41] |
5 | Limonene | 30.20 ± 0.77 | 58.07 ± 0.38 | 47.27 ± 0.28 | 37.15 ± 0.29 | Anxiolytic [44] |
6 | p-Cimene | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 6.36 ± 0.04 | 0.62 ± 0.03 | 0.49 ± 0.01 | Anti-inflammatory [47] Antifungal [48] |
7 | γ-Terpinene | 11.95 ± 0.32 | – | 13.13 ± 0.29 | 12.22 ± 0.1 | Antibacterial [49] Antioxidant [49] |
8 | Terpinolene | 0.27 ± 0.03 | – | – | – | |
Acyclic hydrocarbon monoterpenes | ||||||
9 | Mircene | 0.82 ± 0.02 | 2.19 ± 0.22 | 1.42 ± 0.036 | 0.84 ± 0.02 | Analgesic [50] |
10 | Ocimene | 0.08 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | |
Acyclic oxygenated hydrocarbon monoterpenes | ||||||
11 | Linalool | 21.82 ± 0.87 | 3.04 ± 0.54 | 9.71 ± 0.18 | 27.52 ± 0.24 | Anti-epileptic [55] Anxiolytic [56] |
12 | Linalyl acetate | 16.21 ± 0.84 | – | 0.66 ± 0.03 | 10.40 ± 0.08 | Anti-inflammatory [57] Analgesic [57] Antibacterial [58] |
13 | Neral | 0.21 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | |
14 | Geranial | 0.11 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | |
15 | Neryl acetate | 0.28 ± 0.02 | – | – | – | |
Cyclic oxygenated hydrocarbon monoterpenes | ||||||
16 | α-Terpineol | 0.87 ± 0.08 | – | – | – | |
Esters | ||||||
17 | Octyl acetate | 0,10 ± 0.01 | – | – | 1.91 ± 0.04 | Anti-inflammatory [59] Analgesic [59] |
Sesquiterpenes | ||||||
18 | β-Caryophyllene | 0.14 ± 0.02 | – | – | – | |