Table 5 Examples of variants of non-physiologically-based in vitro procedures (not calibrated) applied to Pb particles

Sheppard et al. 1995[116]

Filtration 0.5 μm

1/167

24 h, pH 2.0

HCl

Gasser et al. 1996[91]

Stirred-flow reactor

24°C

Filtration 0.22 μm

1/100

1 h, pH 1.0 to 3.0

HCl, ammonium acetate

Gasser et al. 1996[91]

Horizontal shaker

24°C

Centrifugation (400 RCF; 10 min)

1/200

1 h, pH 1.0

HCl

Rieuwerts et al. 2000[117]

Inversion by hand 5 times at t = 1h

Ambient

Centrifugation (2,000 rpm; 2 min)

1/100

2 h, pH 1.2

HCl

Yang et al. 2001[118]

Rotation 30 rpm

37°C

Filtration 0.2 μm

1/100

1 h, pH 2–2.5

HCl

Mercier et al. 2002[119]

End-over-end 30 rpm, at 20 min intervals, for 20 min

35-39°C

Decantation, filtration

1/22

160 ±10 min, pH 6.0 to 2.0

HCl, acetic acid

Yang et al. 2002[120]

Rotation 30 rpm

37°C

Filtration 0.2 μm

1/100

1 h, pH 2.0

HCl

Scheckel and Ryan 2003[93]

Continuous stirring

37°C

Filtration 0.45 μm

1/160

1 h, pH 2.0

HCl

5 h, pH 7.0

Yang et al. 2003[83]

End-over-end,30 rpm

37°C

Decantation, filtration 0.45 μm

1/40 and 1/100

1 h, pH 1.5 to 4.0

HCl, glycine

3 h, pH 7.0

NaHCO₃

Beak et al. 2006[121]

Variable speed mixer (150 rpm); 2 mL/min Ar

37°C

Filtration 0.45 μm

1/167

2 h, pH 1.8

HCl

4 h, pH 7.0

NaOH

Turner and Simmonds 2006[98]

Ambient

1/100

Overnight

HCl, pepsin

Bosso and Enzweiler 2008[107]

Orbital, 100 rpm

37°C

Centrifugation (5,000 rpm; 20 min)

1/100

1 h, pH 1.5

HCl, glycine OR HCl, pepsin, NaCl

2 h, pH 7.0

NaHCO₃

Le Bot et al. 2010, 2011[122, 123]

Ultrasonication

37°C

Filtration 0.45 μm

1 h, pH 1.5

HCl , 0.75-1.4% diluted

Rasmussen et al. 2011[124]

37.5°C

Centrifugation (5,000 g, ≤ 10 min)

1/2000

2 h, pH 1.5

HCl