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Table 2 The average crystal sizes, band gap energies (Eg), surface area as BET analyses rate constants, and % removal of TOC

From: Stimulated generation of photobiogas by morphologically tuned nanostructured ZnO and ZnO/TiO2

Catalyst (Capping agent)

Crystallite size

Surface area

Band gap energy

Rate constant

TOC%

ZnO

TiO2

SBET (m2 g−1)

Vtotal (cm3 g−1)

Eg (eV)

EVB

ECB

EVB

ECB

k (min−1)

Direct

Indirect

For direct Eg (eV)

For indirect Eg (eV)

ZnO

56

–

14.05

0.113

3.162

–

2.78

− 0.38

–

–

0.04 ± 0.003

28.00

ZnO (PS)

30

–

14.99

0.058

3.187

–

2.79

− 0.39

–

–

0.04 ± 0.003

24.02

ZnO (CTAB)

27

–

40.22

0.139

3.194

–

2.80

− 0.40

–

–

0.07 ± 0.004

38.10

ZnO (ACAC)

28

–

47.50

0.113

3.180

–

2.79

− 0.39

–

–

0.08 ± 0.007

69.13

ZnO/TiO2

18.00

53.24

113.57

0.12

3.160

3

2.80

− 0.36

2.81

− 0.19

0.06 ± 0.007

31.96

ZnO/TiO2 (PS)

13.09

15.70

116.4

0.13

3.177

3.02

2.81

− 0.37

2.82

− 0.20

0.05 ± 0.007

42.19

ZnO/TiO2 (CTAB)

12.00

42.01

96.60

0.22

3.192

3.04

2.82

− 0.38

2.83

− 0.21

0.07 ± 0.007

49.32

ZnO/TiO2(ACAC)

37.60

43.86

217.08

0.21

3.176

2.84

2.81

− 0.37

2.73

− 0.11

0.09 ± 0.008

90.98