Extraction method | Instrument used | Linear range (µg L−1) | R2 | LODa (µg L−1) | LOQc (µg L−1) | EFd | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VA-IL-DLLM | UV–Vis | 4–500 | 0.9917 | 1.15 | 3.82 | 200 | [26] |
SFE | HPLC-ESI-MS | 1–70 | 0.9993 | 0.1 | 0.4 | – | [23] |
d-SPE | LC–MS | 1–200 | 0.9996 | 4 | 10 | – | [50] |
ion-pair extraction | GC–MS | 2000–250,000 | 0.9999 | – | 40 | – | [4] |
DMSPE | LC-HRMS | 0.05–5 1–100 | 0.9994 0.9996 | 0.5 | 1 | – | [22] |
Dilution in eluent | LC-MS-MS | 1–100 | 0.9998 | 40 | 80 | – | [10] |
d-SPE | LC-MS/MS | 1–200 | 0.999 | 100 | - | – | [51] |
DLLME | ESIHPLC– MS–MS | 0.5–500 | 0.999 | 0.1 | 0.3 | – | [52] |
Ion-pair extraction | GC–MS | 250–10,000 | 0.9976 | 130 | 250 | – | [14] |
SPE | LC–MS-MS | 0.3–20 | 0.9999 | 0.4 | 0.7 | – | [20] |
SPE | HPLC–ESI–MS | 1–70 | 0.9993 | 0.1 | 0.4 | – | [17] |
SPME | GC–MS | 6–500 | 0.997 | 1.9 | 6.0 | – | [21] |
SPE | HPCEC-PAD | 50–10,000 | 0.997 | 15 | 45 | – | [18] |
Dilute-and-shoot | LC–MS TOX.IS | 0–500 0–1000 | 0.993 0.996 | 1.2 ND | 4.0 2.5 | – | [57] |
Immunization and monoclonal antibody preparation | IC-ELISA | 640–20,480 | 0.9931 | – | – | – | [25] |
Conjugates of Fluorescent microspheres (FMs) | Fluorescence-based ICA | 500–32,000 | 0.991 | 180 | 600 | – | [53] |
DLLME | HPLC–PDA | 20–500 | 0.998 | 3.8 | 12.7 | – | [54] |
SPE | AMTC-PAD | 100–10,000 | 0.997 | 15 | 45 | – | [19] |
GF-HS-SDME | GC–MS | 3.2–300.0 | 0.998 | 1.1 | 2.9 | 58.5 | This study |