Table 1 Physicochemical properties and chemical structures of the selected antibiotics commonly used on poultry production [29, 30]

β-Lactams

Amoxicillin, C₁₆H₁₉N₃O₅S, 365.4 g mol⁻¹

3.4

0.87, 0.97

2.4, 2.8, 7.2

Ampicillin, C₁₆H₁₉N₃O₄S, 349.4 g mol⁻¹

10.1

1.45

2.53, 2.7 7.3

Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), C₁₆H₁₈N₂O₄S, 334.4 g mol⁻¹

0.2

1.85

2.7, 2.8

Fluoro-quinolones

Ciprofloxacin C₁₇H₁₈FN₃O₃, 331.3 g mol⁻¹

36

0.4

3.01, 6.38, 8.70

Aminoglycoside

Gentamicin C₂₁H₄₃N₅O₇, 477.6 g mol⁻¹

100

-1.88

8.2

Macrolides

Erythromycin C₃₇H₆₇NO_13, 733.9 g mol⁻¹

2

3.06, 2.48

8.88, 8.9

Sulfonamides

Sulfamethoxazole C₁₀H₁₁N₃O₃S, 253.3 g mol⁻¹

0.61

0.89, 0.48

1.85, 5.6