Table 1 Physicochemical properties and chemical structures of the selected antibiotics commonly used on poultry production [29, 30]
| Class | Compound molecular formula and weight | Chemical structure | Solubility in water (mg/mL) | Log Kow | pKa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-Lactams | Amoxicillin, C16H19N3O5S, 365.4 g mol−1 |
| 3.4 | 0.87, 0.97 | 2.4, 2.8, 7.2 |
| Ampicillin, C16H19N3O4S, 349.4 g mol−1 |
| 10.1 | 1.45 | 2.53, 2.7 7.3 | |
| Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), C16H18N2O4S, 334.4 g mol−1 |
| 0.2 | 1.85 | 2.7, 2.8 | |
| Fluoro-quinolones | Ciprofloxacin C17H18FN3O3, 331.3 g mol−1 |
| 36 | 0.4 | 3.01, 6.38, 8.70 |
| Aminoglycoside | Gentamicin C21H43N5O7, 477.6 g mol−1 |
| 100 | -1.88 | 8.2 |
| Macrolides | Erythromycin C37H67NO13, 733.9 g mol−1 |
| 2 | 3.06, 2.48 | 8.88, 8.9 |
| Sulfonamides | Sulfamethoxazole C10H11N3O3S, 253.3 g mol−1 |
| 0.61 | 0.89, 0.48 | 1.85, 5.6 |