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Table 3 Yield and molar conversion of the vanillic acid and vanillin from the fermentation of PP and PCL liquor in two different feeding modes (n = 3)

From: Bioconversion of ferulic acid attained from pineapple peels and pineapple crown leaves into vanillic acid and vanillin by Aspergillus niger I-1472

Product

Small volume feeding

Large volume feeding

PP liquor

PCL liquor

PP liquor

PCL liquor

Ferulic acid

Feed (μmol)

33 ± 5

10.1 ± 0.7

109 ± 17

34 ± 2

Consumed (μmol)

33

10.1

48

18.4

Remained

mg L−1

n/d

n/d

117 ± 10

30 ± 1

μmol

< 0.00

< 0.00

60 ± 5

15.4 ± 0.5

Vanillic acid

Yielda

mg L−1

4 ± 2

0.9 ± 0.1

7 ± 2

6 ± 1

μmol

2.6 ± 0.9

0.52 ± 0.07

3.8 ± 0.9

3.8 ± 0.7

Molar conversion (%)b

7.9

5.1

7.9

20.7

Vanillin

Yielda

mg L−1

n/d

0.8 ± 0.1

5 ± 1

2.5 ± 0.2

μmol

n/d

0.51 ± 0.06

3 ± 0.8

1.6 ± 0.2

Molar conversion (%)b

n/d

0.5

6.3

8.9

  1. n/d not detected
  2. aYield indicates the concentration (mg L−1) of vanillic acid/vanillin produced from A. niger fermentation
  3. bMolar conversion indicates the percentage of vanillic acid/vanillin molar yield produced from the molar consumption of ferulic acid during A. niger fermentation