Table 2 Different synthesized heterostructure composites for the degradation of various organic pollutants

g-C₃N₄

Polycondensation

Ibuprofen

20

4 h

35 W Xenon lamp

[244]

Aspirin

30

Ciprofloxaci n

60

Tetracycline

86

BaTiO₃/TiO₂

One-step calcination

Acetaminophen

95

4 h

500 W Xenon lamp

[245]

ZnO/g-C₃N₄

Thermal condensation

Tetracycline

78.4

50 min

300 W Xenon lamp

[246]

Oxytetracycline

63.5

Ag/g-C₃N₄

Photo-reduction

Sulfamethazole

99.5

60 min

300 W Xenon lamp

[247]

g-C₃N₄/TiO₂/Fe₃O₄@SiO₂

Sol–gel

Ibuprofen

92

3 h

330 Wm⁻² compart fluorescent lamps

[248]

g-C₃N₄/MoS₂

Hydrothermal

Levofloxaci n

75.81

140 min

Ultrasonic wave at 30 kHz

[234]

Methylene Blue

98.43

14 min

Ag₃PO₄/GO/g-C₃N₄

Chemical precipitation

Rhodamine B

94.8

50 min

150 W Xenon lamp

[249]

BiVO4/TiO2/RGO

Hydrothermal

Tetracycline

96.2

60 min

1000 W Xenon lamp

[250]

Oxytetracycline

97.5

Chlortetracycline

98.7

Doxycycline

99.6

Ag₂O/CeO₂

Thermal deposition

Enrofloxacin

87.11

120

300 W Xenon lamp

[251]

g-C₃N₄/CNT/BiVO₄

Wet impregnation

Phenol

80.6

120 min

Sunlight (illumination intensity; 500 W halogen lamp)

[192]

g-C₃N₄/AgBr/rGO

Hydrothermal reaction

Tetracycline

78.4

90 min

250 W Xenon lamp

[252]

2,4-Dichlorophenol

68.2

6 h

rGO/WS₂/Mg-doped ZnO

Electrostatic self-assembly and coprecipitation

Rhodamine B

95

14 min

UV lamp

[253]

90

90 min

Solar light