Table 1 The inhibition efficiencies, η, of different benzimidazoles^a as corrosion inhibitors on the different materials in various solutions

Benzimidazole 1

Deaerated 1 mol/L HCl

MS

20

EIS; TE at T = 20–60 °C

29.5–60%

[22]

2-Aminobenzimidazole 10

20

84.0–86.8%

2-Mercaptobenzimidazole 11

1

93.9–97.0%

1-Benzylbenzimidazole 12

5

97.2–97.8%

1,2-Dibenzylbenzimidazole 13

1

97.4–98.2%

2-Mercaptobenzimidazole 11

1 M HCl

MS

50–1000

TE at 30 °C; SEM–EDX; EIS

82.6–96.5

[23]

1,8-Bis(1-chlorobenzylbenzimidazolyl)-octane 14

0.1 M HCl

MS

0.0017–0.13

TE at 30 °C; WL; EIS; SEM

54.3–97.6%

[24]

0.2 M HCl

55.8–97.5%

0.5 M HCl

57.8–97.8%

1 M HCl

70.0–97.9%

1, 4-Bis-benzimidazolyl-butane 15

0.5 M HCl

MS

0.017–0.68

EIS, TE at 30 °C; AI; WL; AFM

64.2–98.1%

[25]

N-(2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)ethyl) benzamide 16

1 M HCl

MS

0.1–1

EIS; TE at 25 °C; AI; DFT

72–97%

[26]

N-(2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)ethyl)benzenesulfonamide 17

67–96%

N-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)benzamide 18

56–95%

N-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)benzenesulfonamide 19

40-93%

2-(4-Pyridil)benzimidazole 20

1 M HCl

MS

0.1–2

EIS; WL at 25, 35 and 45 °C; AI; MD; DFT

72.4–94.05%

[27]

2-Aminomethylbenzimidazole 21

1 M HCl

MS

0.5–0.1

TE at 25 °C; WL; AI; SEM; XPS

77.4–84.0%

[28]

Bis(2-Benzimidazolylmethyl) amine 22

88.1–88.8%

Tri(2-Benzimidazolylmethyl) amine 9

91.4–93.4%

2-Methylbenzimidazole23

1 M HCl

MS

0.05–0.2

WL and EI at 30, 35 and 45 °C

88.3–91.01%

[29]

2-Ethylbenzimidazole 24

88.3–91.3%

2-Propylbenzimidazole 25

88.3–91.4%

2-(2-Pyridyl)benzimidazole 26

1 M HCl

MS

0.5–5

TE at 30 °C WL; EIS; AI

91.33–97.18%

[30]

2-Chlorobenzimidazole 27

88.55–95.43%

2-Bromobenzimidazole 27

87.16–93.78%

6-(Dodecyloxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole 29

1 M HCl

MS

0.1–0.001

WL at 25 ± 1 °C; DFT

74.2–95.0%

[31]

2-(4-Nitrophenyl) benzimidazole 1a

1 M HCl

MS

0.1–1

TE at 25 °C; WL at 30 °C; EIS; SEM; DFT; MD

90.3–95.9%

[16]

2-(4-aminophenyl) benzimidazole 1b

86.1–93.9%

2-(2-nitrophenyl) benzimidazole 1c

82.8–90.9

2-(2-aminophenyl) benzimidazole 1d

79.1–89.3%

Bis-benzimidazole 8a

1 M HCl

MS

0.1–1

TE at 25 °C; WL at 25 °C; MD

84.0–97.0%

[20]

Bis-benzimidazole 8b

73.0–94.5

Bis-benzimidazole 8c

62.0–94.0

Bis-benzimidazole 8d

62.0–94.0

[20]

1-Butyl-3-methyl-1H-benzimidazolium iodide 30

0.5 M H₂SO₄

MS

0.25–5

TE at 25 °C WL; EIS; AI; SEM; AFM; DFT

90.6–98.7%

[32]

Benzimidazole 1

1 M HCl

CS

0.05–0.25

TE at 25 °C; AI

35.5–52.0%

[33]

2-Methylbenzimidazole 23

40.0–56.0%

2-Mercaptobenzimidazole 11

72.0–89.0%

Benzimidazole 1

0.5 M H₂SO₄

32.4–50.0%

2-Methylbenzimidazole 23

38.2–52.9%

2-Mercaptobenzimidazole 11

75.0–91.2%

Benzimidazole 1

0.5 M H₂SO₄+ 0.02 mM NaBr

32.4–50.0%

2-Methylbenzimidazole 23

38.2–52.9%

2-Mercaptobenzimidazole 11

75.0–91.2%

2-Chlorobenzimidazole 27

1 M HCl

CS

0.1–10

TE at 25 °C EIS; AI; DFT

39.4–57.1%

[2]

6-Bromo-1H-benzimidazole 28

25.9–89.4%

1H-Benzimidazole-5-amine 32

34.0–74.9%

2-Aminomethylbenzimidazole 21

21.8–69.1%

1H-Benzimidazol-5-yl-methanol 33

26.4–73.3%

N,N′-bis(benzimidazole-2-yl-methyl) hydroxyethylamine 34

0.5 M HCl

CS

0.01–0.2

EIS; DFT

11.83–59.27

[34]

N,N′-bis(benzimidazole-2-yl-methyl) hydroxyethylamine 35

41.26–69.22

1-Octyl-2-(octylthio)-1H-benzimidazole 36

1 M HCl

CS

0.01–1000 mM

EIS; PP; AI; SEM; MD

74.7–92.3

[35]

1-(2-Pyridinyl)-2-(o-hydroxyphenyl)Benzimidazole 37

1 M HCl

API 5L X52 steel

0.005–0.2

EIS; SEM

67.7–91.0

[38]

1-(2-Pyridinyl)-2-(m-hydroxyphenyl)Benzimidazole 38

56.8–86.2

1-(2-Pyridinyl)-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)Benzimidazole 39

64.9–83.7

Benzimidazole 1

3% NaCl

AIS 316

0.025–1

TE at 24 °C

40.42–71.44%

[39]

AIS 1010

2.41–51.21%

2-(2-Pyridyl)benzimidazole 26

NACE brine ID196

API X60 steel

2.56, 7.68

TE at 30 °C FTIR; EIS

46.0–67.3

[40]

2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1H- Benzo[d]Imidazole 6a

3.5 wt % NaCl + CO₂

J55 steel

0.176–1.407

TE at 25 °C; WL at 60 °C; EIS; XPS

56.8–94.7%

[19]

2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1H-Benzo[d] Imidazole 6b

50.5–87.2%

2-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-Benzo[d] Imidazole 6c

37.2–79.3%

Benzimidazole 1

1 M HCl

Pure Fe

1–50

TE at 25 °C; EIS. AI

47.58–51.07%

[41]

2-Aminobenzimidazole 10

70.64–78.28%

2-Hydroxybenzimidazole 40

51.88–58.05%

2-(2-Pyridil)benzimidazole 26

62.84–69.83%

2-Aminomethylbenzimidazole 21

1 M HCl

Pure Fe

1–50

60.77–68.24%

[41]

2-Mercaptobenzimidazole 11

0.1 M HCl

Al

1–100

TE at 20-60 °C. AI

60.1–80.9%

[42]

5-Methylbenzimidazole-2-thiol 41

0.01–1

58.2–77.0%

5-Chlorobenzimidazole-2-thiol 42

0.01–1

47.4–78.3%

Benzimidazole 1

10% AcOH

6061 Al-SiCp

0.05–0.2

TE at 30–50 °C

13.29–58.56%

[43]

20% AcOH

17.05–64.58

30% AcOH

10.29–58.90

2-Mercaptobenzimidazole 11

Aerated 0.5 M HCl

Cu

0.5

TE at 40 °C; WL at 40 °C; EIS

91.6%

[44]

2-Mercaptobenzimidazole 11

1 M HNO₃

Cu

0.005–1

WL at 25, 35 and 45 °C

27.5–91.5%

[45]

2-(methylthio)benzimidazole 43

28.5–92.5%

2-{[(6-Nitro-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)imino]methyl}phenol(44

0.4 M NaCl + 0.1 M NaOH

Cu, brass

1

TE at 25 °C; EIS

91.0; 97.4

[46]

1-{[(6-Nitro-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)imino]methyl}naphthalen-2-ol 45

71.0; 92.0

2-Mercaptobenzimidazole 11

0.1 M HCl

Zn

0.063–0.5

TE at 30 °C; WL; AI; SEM

68.5–89.7%

[47]

Ethyl-2-(benzimidazol-2-yl-thio)acetate 47

0.063–0.5

75.2–93.0%

2-Hydroxybenzimidazole 40

0.063–0.5

57.4–85.3%

2-Hydroxy-5-nitro-benzimidazole 46

0.05–0.2

55.6–82.5%