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Table 3 The values of the calculated thermodynamic parameters of PQT2+ adsorption

From: Removal and extraction efficiency of Quaternary ammonium herbicides paraquat (PQ) from aqueous solution by ketoenol–pyrazole receptor functionalized silica hybrid adsorbent (SiNPz)

ΔS° (J/mol k)

ΔH° (kJ/mol)

ΔG° (kJ/mol)

288 K

298 K

308 K

318 K

0.114

22.56

− 10.27

− 11.41

− 12.55

− 13.69