Table 2 Detected aroma compounds with retention index and mean concentration (µg/kg fresh fruit) found in each pineapple varieties grown in Malaysia

C1

Methyl-2-methylbutanoate

Apple-like

103 ± 8.5

–

–

–

–

–

771 [770] [31]

C2

2-Hexanol

Winey

2.1 ± 0.0

–

–

–

–

1.0 ± 0.0

780 [786] [32]

C3

3-Methylbutanoic acid

Cheesy

–

–

21.0 ± 1.5

–

–

–

792

C4

Methyl butyl acetate

Banana

8.0 ± 1.0

–

–

–

–

–

812

C5

Methyl-2-methylpentanoate

Fruity

7.3 ± 1.2

–

–

–

–

6.7 ± 0.1

823 [nf]

C6

Gamma-butyrolactone

Milky

–

–

3.0 ± 0.1

–

–

–

837

C7

Dimethyl malonate

Fruity

48.2 ± 3.5

–

2.0 ± 0.0

–

–

2.0 ± 0.0

843 [nf]

C8

Ethyl-2,3-dimethylbutanoate

Fruity

1.5 ± 0.0

–

–

–

–

–

856 [856] [32]

C9

Methyl-2-methyl acetoacetate

Fruity

156.1 ± 12.0

–

–

13.0 ± 1.5

–

–

868 [nf]

C10

Methyl-2/3-hydroxy-2/3-methylbutanoate

Fruity

86.0 ± 6.5

–

7.0 ± 0.1

–

–

–

877

C11

Methyl hexanoate

Fruity

397 ± 15.0

tr

44.0 ± 2.1

19.0 ± 0.1

tr

32.0 ± 1.0

884

C12

Ethyl isohexanoate

Pineapple

13.0 ± 1.0

–

–

–

–

–

920

C13

Methyl-2-methylhexanoate

Fruity

–

–

8.0 ± 0.1

–

–

–

931

C14

Methyl-3-(methylthiol)-propanoate

Sulphurous

307 ± 9.7

–

28.7 ± 1.0

–

–

17.0 ± 0.1

936

C15

Hexanoic acid

Fatty

–

–

12.4 ± 0.1

–

–

–

974 [975] [32]

C16

(E)-β-Ocimene

Sweet/herbal

4.0 ± 0.0

–

1.0 ± 0.0

–

2.0 ± 0.0

1.0 ± 0.0

976

C17

Methyl-3-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate

Fruity

65.0 ± 5.6

–

–

–

–

–

983

C18

Ethyl hexanoate

Fruity

13.0 ± 1.2

–

–

–

–

1.0 ± 0.0

984 [1002] [32]

C19

Gamma-lactone

Creamy

202.0 ± 9.7

–

–

–

11.0 ± 0.1

5.0 ± 0.1

986 [986] [32]

C20

Delta-lactone

ND

221 ± 11.0

–

–

15.1 ± 1.2

9.0 ± 0.1

5.6 ± 0.1

1006

C21

2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone

Strawberry

55.0 ± 3.4

9.0 ± 1.0

1.5 ± 0.0

1.2 ± 0.0

54.2 ± 2.0

6.0 ± 0.1

1022

C22

Methyl-3-hydroxyhexanoate

Fruity

–

–

11.2 ± 0.1

–

–

–

1047

C23

2,5-Dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)-furanone

Roasty/sweet

–

–

7.4 ± 0.1

–

–

–

1055

C24

Methyl octanoate

Fruity

101.0 ± 8.0

–

3.0 ± 0.0

–

–

4.0 ± 0.1

1083

C25

Methyl (4E)-4-octenoate

Fruity

30.0 ± 3.0

–

–

–

–

–

1091

C26

3-Octyl acetate*

Herbal/green

–

–

2.0 ± 0.0

–

–

–

1118 [1119] [32]

C27

2,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone

Fruity

2.0 ± 0.0

3.2 ± 0.1

4.3 ± 0.1

–

–

–

1173

C28

Octanoic acid

Rancid

5.0 ± 0.1

2.0 ± 0.0

2.1 ± 0.0

–

–

–

1174

C29

Gamma-octalactone

Coconut-like

86.2 ± 4.0

–

–

–

–

–

1184

C30

Delta-octalactone

Creamy

11.0 ± 1.5

–

3.5 ± 0.0

3.0 ± 0.1

11.0 ± 0.1

7.0 ± 0.1

1205

C31

Copaene

Woody

40.1 ± 3.9

–

12.0 ± 1.2

–

3.0 ± 0.1

–

1221

C32

Methyl decanoate

Floral

4.0 ± 0.1

–

–

–

–

–

1282

C33

2-Methoxy-4-vinyl phenol

Smoky

–

4.0 ± 0.1

2.0 ± 0.0

18.0 ± 1.0

–

–

1293

C34

Decanoic acid

Sweaty

–

2.0 ± 0.0

2.0 ± 0.0

–

2.0 ± 0.0

–

1372

C35

Methyl-5-acetoxy octanoate

Wine-like

5.0 ± 0.1

–

–

–

–

–

1385

C36

gamma-Farnesene

ND

–

–

2.7 ± 0.0

–

–

–

1453

C37

Delta-undecalactone*

Coconut-like

–

–

2.0 ± 0.1

–

4.1 ± 0.1

–

1483 [1488] [33]

C38

Germacrene

Woody

–

–

1.0 ± 0.0

–

–

–

1515 [1502] [33]

C39

Globulol

Floral

–

–

2.0 ± 0.1

–

–

–

1530

C40

(-)-Spathulenol

Earthy

19.0 ± 1.0

–

8.0 ± 1.5

–

–

–

1536

C41

Dodecanoic acid

Sweaty/soapy

7.0 ± 0.1

–

–

3.0 ± 0.1

–

–

1570

C42

Gamma-dodecalactone

Fruity

–

–

–

1.0 ± 0.0

–

–

1582 [1587] [32]

C43

(Z)-7-Tetradecenal

ND

–

1139 ± 34.0

–

–

–

–

1609

C44

Pentadecanal*

Fresh/waxy

18.1 ± 1.0

–

–

4.0 ± 0.1

–

–

1701 [1712] [36]

C45

3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde

Cocoa-like

–

3.0 ± 0.1

–

–

–

–

1788

C46

Pentadecanoic acid

Waxy

–

3.0 ± 0.1

–

2.0 ± 0.0

–

1.0 ± 0.0

1869

C47

Methylhexadecanoate*

Waxy

–

2.6 ± 0.0

–

–

–

1.0 ± 0.0

1878[1878] [32]

C48

Methyl-(2E)-2-hexadecenoate

ND

–

8.0 ± 0.1

–

–

–

–

1886

C49

Ethyl hexadecanoate

Waxy

–

4.0 ± 0.1

–

–

1.0 ± 0.0

–

1928

C50

Hexadecanoic acid*

Waxy

–

51.7 ± 3.2

255.0 ± 9.0

5.0 ± 0.1

393.0 ± 11.2

2.0 ± 0.0

1968 [1970] [32]

C51

9-Hexadecenoic acid

Waxy

–

2.0 ± 0.0

–

–

–

–

1976

C52

Octadecanal

Fatty/greasy

–

–

–

21.0 ± 1.5

–

–

1999 [2002] [32]

C53

Eicosane

ND

105.1 ± 9.0

2.0 ± 0.0

–

14.0 ± 2.0

2.0 ± 0.0

16.0 ± 1.0

2009

C54

Heptadecanoic acid*

Waxy

–

4.0 ± 0.1

–

–

3.0 ± 0.1

–

2067 [2067] [32]

C55

Octadecanoic acid*

Pungent

–

149.0 ± 9.0

1.0 ± 0.0

69.0 ± 5.1

–

89.0 ± 7.0

2167 [2167] [32]

C56

Ethyl octadecanoate*

Waxy

–

46.0 ± 3.0

–

–

2.0 ± 0.0

–

2177 [2174] [33]

C57

(Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid*

Waxy

–

37.0 ± 2.1

–

–

37.0 ± 4.0

16.0 ± 1.5

2183 [2183] [36]

C58

Ethyl oleate*

Fatty

–

89.0 ± 6.5

–

–

57.0 ± 2.0

–

2185 [2180] [32]

C59

Geranyl geraniol

Floral

11.0 ± 0.1

–

–

–

–

–

2192