Antimicrobial activities of saponins from Melanthera elliptica and their synergistic effects with antibiotics against pathogenic phenotypes

Table 1 Antimicrobial activity (MIC and MMC in µg/mL) of extracts, isolated compounds and reference antimicrobial drugs

Extracts/compounds	Inhibition parameters	E. coli	S. flexneri	S. aureus	C. parapsilosis	C. albicans	C. neoformans
MeOH extract	MIC	512	256	128	> 2048	> 2048	> 2048
	MMC	1024	512	128	/	/	/
	MMC/MIC	2	2	1	/	/	/
n-BuOH extract	MIC	256	128	128	> 2048	> 2048	> 2048
	MMC	512	256	128	/	/	/
	MMC/MIC	2	2	1	/	/	/
EtOAc extract	MIC	128	128	64	1024	1024	512
	MMC	256	128	128	1024	1024	1024
	MMC/MIC	2	1	2	1	1	2
1	MIC	32	16	8	32	64	16
	MMC	32	32	16	64	64	16
	MMC/MIC	1	2	2	2	1	1
2	MIC	32	16	16	> 256	> 256	32
	MMC	32	32	16	/	/	64
	MMC/MIC	1	2	1	/	/	2
3	MIC	128	64	32	128	128	32
	MMC	256	128	64	256	256	64
	MMC/MIC	2	2	2	2	2	2
4	MIC	256	128	64	16	16	8
	MMC	> 256	256	128	32	64	16
	MMC/MIC	/	2	2	2	4	1
Ref^a	MIC	32	16	0.5	0.5	1	2
	MMC	32	16	0.5	0.5	1	2
	MMC/MIC	1	1	1	1	1	1

/: not determined; MIC minimum inhibitory concentration, MMC minimum microbicidal concentration
^aFluconazole for yeasts and vancomycin for bacteria