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Table 1 Variation in HMF concentration in honey samples based on their storage time and geographical sources

From: 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) levels in honey and other food products: effects on bees and human health

Country

Storage time

Storage temperature (°C)

HMF concentration (mg/kg)

References

Asia

 Bangladesh

> 1.5 years

20–25

3.18–703.10

[76]

 India

Fresh

–

0.15–1.70

[160]

 Malaysia (year)

< 1

4–5

0.26–68.99

[108]

> 1

25–30

206.06–383.39

[81]

> 2

25–30

986.57–1131.76

 Nepal

–

25–29

30.36–56.10

[131]

 Pakistan

–

4–5

ND–6.00

[3]

–

–

23.18–27.37

[74]

 Iran

–

–

0.04–17.20

[104]

 Turkey

Fresh

–

0.00–11.50

[188]

< 6 months

–

19.20–28.6

[91]

1 year

20 ± 5

8.60–39.00

[188]

Europe

 Italy

Fresh

–

1.23–5.95

[47]

 Croatia

–

–

0.00–23.69

[173]

 Czech Republic

4 years

20 ± 2

10.30–44.20

[80]

 Poland

–

–

0.70–3.50

[89]

 Portugal

–

Room temperature

18.00–94.00

[66]

 Spain

< 3 years

–

0.00–21.39

[116]

 Northwest Spain

< 2 years

− 30

0.00–1.60

[120]

 Switzerland

< 7 years

4

0.00–112.00

[148]

Africa

 Algeria

< 1 year

4–6

1.73–480.00

[36, 82]

 Burkina Faso

< 1 year

0–4

3.00–27.50

[103]

 Ethiopia

< 6 months

–

0.68–6.56

[25, 85]

 Kenya

< 1 year

25 ± 2

3.70–389.36

[112]

 Morocco

–

4

3.20–52.60

[169]

 Nigeria

< 6 months

–

0.66–1.43

[16]

 Tanzania

–

–

5.00–26.40

[115]

South America

 Argentina

–

23 ± 2

0.05–2.94

[21]

Within 2 months

–

1.48–34.08

[34]

 Argentinean Patagonia

> 3 years

–

0.00–14.70

[8]

 Brazil

–

–

1.50–115.20

[5, 162]

North America

 Cuba

< 1 year

4

3.30–15.90

[9]

 Mexico

–

Room temperature

9.01–21.96

[106]

Australia

 Australia

2 years

− 18

1.30–12.40

[71]

  1. ND not detected, HMF 5-hydroxymethylfurfural