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Table 1 Variation in HMF concentration in honey samples based on their storage time and geographical sources
| Country | Storage time | Storage temperature (°C) | HMF concentration (mg/kg) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | ||||
| Bangladesh | > 1.5 years | 20–25 | 3.18–703.10 | [76] |
| India | Fresh | – | 0.15–1.70 | [160] |
| Malaysia (year) | < 1 | 4–5 | 0.26–68.99 | [108] |
| > 1 | 25–30 | 206.06–383.39 | [81] | |
| > 2 | 25–30 | 986.57–1131.76 | ||
| Nepal | – | 25–29 | 30.36–56.10 | [131] |
| Pakistan | – | 4–5 | ND–6.00 | [3] |
| – | – | 23.18–27.37 | [74] | |
| Iran | – | – | 0.04–17.20 | [104] |
| Turkey | Fresh | – | 0.00–11.50 | [188] |
| < 6 months | – | 19.20–28.6 | [91] | |
| 1 year | 20 ± 5 | 8.60–39.00 | [188] | |
| Europe | ||||
| Italy | Fresh | – | 1.23–5.95 | [47] |
| Croatia | – | – | 0.00–23.69 | [173] |
| Czech Republic | 4 years | 20 ± 2 | 10.30–44.20 | [80] |
| Poland | – | – | 0.70–3.50 | [89] |
| Portugal | – | Room temperature | 18.00–94.00 | [66] |
| Spain | < 3 years | – | 0.00–21.39 | [116] |
| Northwest Spain | < 2 years | − 30 | 0.00–1.60 | [120] |
| Switzerland | < 7 years | 4 | 0.00–112.00 | [148] |
| Africa | ||||
| Algeria | < 1 year | 4–6 | 1.73–480.00 | [36, 82] |
| Burkina Faso | < 1 year | 0–4 | 3.00–27.50 | [103] |
| Ethiopia | < 6 months | – | 0.68–6.56 | [25, 85] |
| Kenya | < 1 year | 25 ± 2 | 3.70–389.36 | [112] |
| Morocco | – | 4 | 3.20–52.60 | [169] |
| Nigeria | < 6 months | – | 0.66–1.43 | [16] |
| Tanzania | – | – | 5.00–26.40 | [115] |
| South America | ||||
| Argentina | – | 23 ± 2 | 0.05–2.94 | [21] |
| Within 2 months | – | 1.48–34.08 | [34] | |
| Argentinean Patagonia | > 3 years | – | 0.00–14.70 | [8] |
| Brazil | – | – | 1.50–115.20 | [5, 162] |
| North America | ||||
| Cuba | < 1 year | 4 | 3.30–15.90 | [9] |
| Mexico | – | Room temperature | 9.01–21.96 | [106] |
| Australia | ||||
| Australia | 2 years | − 18 | 1.30–12.40 | [71] |
