Country | Storage time | Storage temperature (°C) | HMF concentration (mg/kg) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | ||||
 Bangladesh | > 1.5 years | 20–25 | 3.18–703.10 | [76] |
 India | Fresh | – | 0.15–1.70 | [160] |
 Malaysia (year) | < 1 | 4–5 | 0.26–68.99 | [108] |
> 1 | 25–30 | 206.06–383.39 | [81] | |
> 2 | 25–30 | 986.57–1131.76 | ||
 Nepal | – | 25–29 | 30.36–56.10 | [131] |
 Pakistan | – | 4–5 | ND–6.00 | [3] |
– | – | 23.18–27.37 | [74] | |
 Iran | – | – | 0.04–17.20 | [104] |
 Turkey | Fresh | – | 0.00–11.50 | [188] |
< 6 months | – | 19.20–28.6 | [91] | |
1 year | 20 ± 5 | 8.60–39.00 | [188] | |
Europe | ||||
 Italy | Fresh | – | 1.23–5.95 | [47] |
 Croatia | – | – | 0.00–23.69 | [173] |
 Czech Republic | 4 years | 20 ± 2 | 10.30–44.20 | [80] |
 Poland | – | – | 0.70–3.50 | [89] |
 Portugal | – | Room temperature | 18.00–94.00 | [66] |
 Spain | < 3 years | – | 0.00–21.39 | [116] |
 Northwest Spain | < 2 years | − 30 | 0.00–1.60 | [120] |
 Switzerland | < 7 years | 4 | 0.00–112.00 | [148] |
Africa | ||||
 Algeria | < 1 year | 4–6 | 1.73–480.00 | |
 Burkina Faso | < 1 year | 0–4 | 3.00–27.50 | [103] |
 Ethiopia | < 6 months | – | 0.68–6.56 | |
 Kenya | < 1 year | 25 ± 2 | 3.70–389.36 | [112] |
 Morocco | – | 4 | 3.20–52.60 | [169] |
 Nigeria | < 6 months | – | 0.66–1.43 | [16] |
 Tanzania | – | – | 5.00–26.40 | [115] |
South America | ||||
 Argentina | – | 23 ± 2 | 0.05–2.94 | [21] |
Within 2 months | – | 1.48–34.08 | [34] | |
 Argentinean Patagonia | > 3 years | – | 0.00–14.70 | [8] |
 Brazil | – | – | 1.50–115.20 | |
North America | ||||
 Cuba | < 1 year | 4 | 3.30–15.90 | [9] |
 Mexico | – | Room temperature | 9.01–21.96 | [106] |
Australia | ||||
 Australia | 2 years | − 18 | 1.30–12.40 | [71] |