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Table 1 Layered hydroxide nanocomposite toxicity and bio-distribution studies

From: Layered double hydroxide nanocomposite for drug delivery systems; bio-distribution, toxicity and drug activity enhancement

Nanocomposite type

Method of synthesis

Size (nm)

Concentration (μg/ml)

Assay (Test)

Cell type

Refrence

Remark

1. Mg–Al–LDH

Co-precipitation/ion exchange

50-100

40

MTT

Human kidney (N)

[4]

Contain folic acid and not toxic, more than 80% of cell viable after 3days.

2. Zn–Al–LDH

Co-precipitation

_

150

MTT

Mouse fibroblast (C)

[7]

Higher fibroblast viability with LDH-levodopa treatment than pure levodopa, LDH alone no significant effect on fibroblast

3. ZLH

Direct method

_

20

MTT

Human liver cell (HepG2) (C)

[8]

Hippuric acid (HA) intercalated ZLH showed better synergy than pure HA and tamoxefen on cancer cells.

4. Mg–Al–LDH

Co-precipitation

150-200

100

MTT

Colon cell(C)

[10]

LDH coated with chitosan also not toxic at this dose on this cells

5. Mg–Al–LDH

Ion exchange

>300

 

Animal single dose

Whole animal

[13]

Contain captopril and not toxic to the animal exposed.

6. Mg–Al–LDH

Co-precipitation

80-90

20

MTT

Human cervical cancer (C)

[16]

Potentiate the effect of paclitaxel

7. Mg–Al–LDH

Co-precipitation

129-149

100

MTT/Trypan blue

Cortical neuron(N)

[17]

DNA loaded LDH less toxic than pristine LDH at higher dose

8. Mg–Al–LDH

Co-precipitation

_

1000

MTT

Human osteosarcoma (C)

[18]

5-fluorouraci loaded LDH show better effect than free drugs

9. Mg–Al–LDH

Co-precipitation

50,100,200,350

 

MTT

Fibroblast(N) and lung(c)

[20]

Potentiate the effect of anti-cancer and milder on normal cells

10. Mg–Al–LDH/Zn-Al-LDH

Co-precipitation

_

80mg/kg of ketoprofen

Magnifying lens

Mucosal surface

[21]

Ketoprofen induced gastritis was reduced with LDH intercalation

11. Mg–Al–LDH

Co-precipitation

_

5-2000mg/kg

Blood chemistry

Balb/c mice

[26]

No significant changes to clinical and biochemical parameters and no evidence of particle retention in tissues.

12. Zn-Al-LDH

Co-precipitation/ion exchange

_

1.2

MTT

Chang liver cells (N)

[29]

Lower concentration used and no effect on viability from either the carrier or loaded LDH

13. ZLH

Direct method

_

1000

Trypan blue

Chang liver cells (N)

[30]

No Significant cell viability decrease below 125μg/ml with good anti histamine release from the intercalated cetirizine.

14. Zn-Al-LDH

Direct method

150

800

MTT, GSH, ROS, NO, comet assay,

Cervical cell (Hela) (C)

[32]

Only dose above 400ug/ml causes DNA damages, hence biocompatibility possible since it has no toxic effect at lower doses base these assays.

15. Zn–Al–LDH

Co-precipitation/ion exchange

_

50

MTT

Mouse fibroblast and human lung fibroblast cells

[33]

The toxic effect of Para-amino salicylic acid on the two cells was decrease after intercalation into this LDH

16. Mg–Al–LDH

Co-precipitation

50-300

2000

Trypan blue dye exclusion

Human Embryonic Kidney cell (HEK 293T) (N)

[34]

More than 50% of cells viable at 500μg/ml. DNA transfection successful but lower than using commercial means.

17. Mg–Al–LDH

Co-precipitation/ion exchange

57-63

40

MTT

Human gastric epithelial cell (GES-1) gastric cancer cell (MKN45 and SGC-7901)

[36]

Etoposide harmful effect on normal cell significantly reduced and its anticancer effect enhanced after intercalation into LDH.

18. Mg–Al–LDH

Co-precipitation

_

50

MTT

Breast (MCF-7) (C),cervical (HeLa) (C), and fibroblast (3T3) (N)

[37]

Not toxic to all the three cell line, but enhanced the anti-cancer effect of protocatechuic acid.

19. Mg–Al–LDH

Co-precipitation

20

50

MTT

lung fibroblast cell (N)

[38]

No toxic effect against the tested cells and bacteria. Activity of the intercalated antibiotics similar to the naked one

  1. The table summarises some of the layered hydroxide nanocomposite activity in relation to toxicity and distribution over the last few years. The majority of whom were synthesis by either co-precipitation or ion exchange method, with sizes between 50-300 nm in most of them. Cell proliferation assay using MTT is applied in large no of the studies to evaluate for their cytotoxic and or anti-cancer impact on some selected cell lines.