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Table 2 Calculated hazard quotients for pesticides and PPCPs detectedain the Grand Marais treatment wetland and surrounding sampling sites in 2012 (adapted from Carlson et al., 2013)[4]

From: Performance of a constructed wetland in Grand Marais, Manitoba, Canada: Removal of nutrients, pharmaceuticals, and antibiotic resistance genes from municipal wastewater

Compound

Species

Toxicity endpoint

Toxicity value (mg/L)

MECb(mg/L)

HQc

Reference for toxicity value

2,4-D

Ranunculus aquatilis (Water buttercup)

EC50 – 4 week relative growth

0.2

1.3 × 10-5

6.4 × 10-2

Belgers et al., 2007 [26]

 

Daphnia magna

EC50 – 48 h immobilization

25

1.3 × 10-5

5.1 × 10-4

Martins et al., 2007 [27]

 

Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout)

LC50 – 96 h exposure

100

1.3 × 10-5

1.3 × 10-4

Little et al., 1990 [28]

Atrazine

Lemna minor

IC50 – 7 day growth inhibition

61.7

1.5 × 10-5

2.4 × 10-4

Teodorovic et al., 2012 [29]

 

Daphnia magna

EC50 – 48 h immobilization

25.3

1.5 × 10-5

1.7 × 10-2

Phyu et al., 2004 [30]

 

Oncorhynchus mykiss

LC50 – 28 day exposure

0.87

1.5 × 10-5

5.8 × 10-4

Giddingset al., 2005 [31]

Carbamazepine

Lemna minor

EC50 – 7 day growth inhibition

22.5

5.0 × 10-4

2.2 × 10-2

Cleuvers, 2003 [32]

 

Daphnia magna

EC50 – 48 h immobilization

>100

5.0 × 10-4

5.0 × 10-3

Cleuvers, 2003 [32]

 

Oryzias latipes (Japanese medaka)

LC50 – 48 h exposure

35.4

5.0 × 10-4

1.4 × 10-2

Kim et al., 2007 [33]

Gemfibrozil

Chlorella vulgaris

LC50 – 24 h exposure

60

1.4 × 10-4

2.3 × 10-3

El-Bassat et al., 2011 [34]

 

Daphnia spp.

ECOSAR EC50 (acute)

6

1.4 × 10-4

2.3 × 10-2

Sanderson et al., 2003 [35]

 

Fish spp.

ECOSAR EC50 (acute)

0.9

1.4 × 10-4

1.5 × 10-1

Sanderson et al., 2003 [35]

Sulfamethoxazole

Pseudokirchneriella subcapita

EC50 – 72 h growth inhibition

0.52

5.8 × 10-5

1.1 × 10-1

Isidori et al., 2005 [36]

 

Daphnia magna

EC50 – 24 h immobilization

25.2

5.8 × 10-5

2.3 × 10-3

Isidori et al., 2005 [36]

 

Oryzias latipes

LC50 – 96 h exposure

562.5

5.8 × 10-5

1.0 × 10-4

Kim et al., 2007 [33]

Sulfapyridine

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

IC50 – 72 h growth inhibition

10.2

7.9 × 10-6

7.7 × 10-4

Blaise et al., 2006 [37]

 

Thamnocephalus platyurus

(Beavertail fairy shrimp)

LC50 – 24 h exposure

144.4

7.9 ×10-6

5.5 × 10-5

Blaise et al., 2006 [37]

 

Oncorhynchus mykiss

48 h TEC – primary hepatocyte exposure

>249

7.9 ×10-6

3.2 × 10-5

Blaise et al., 2006 [37]

  1. a A full list of screened compounds and their limits of detection can be found in Additional file 1: Table S1.
  2. b MEC = Maximum environmental concentration measured in the current study.
  3. c HQ = Hazard quotient.