Performance of a constructed wetland in Grand Marais, Manitoba, Canada: Removal of nutrients, pharmaceuticals, and antibiotic resistance genes from municipal wastewater

Table 1 Water quality parameters measured in sampling sites near the Grand Marais treatment wetland during 2012

Date	Site	Total suspended Solids (mg/L)	Nitrite + nitrate (mg/L)	Total ammonia + ammonium (mg/L)	Total phosphorus (mg/L)	Chl A (μg/L)	DO (mg/L)	T (°C)	Conductivity (mS/cm)	pH
May 22	Lagoon	29 ±3	0.14 ± 0.01	1.7 ± 0.1	3.1 ± 0.10	1.5 × 10²	1.5	15.3	1.1	NA
May 22	Outlet	8.2 ± 0.8	<LOD	0.010	0.030 ± 0.002	12	7.4	14.8	0.42	NA
June 15	Lagoon	34 ± 6	<LOD	0.060 ± 0.01	1.5 ± 0.04	1.6 × 10²	1.5	18.1	1.1	9.25
June 15	Outlet	8.6 ± 1	<LOD	0.020 ± 0.01	0.040 ± 0.01	15	7.6	17.5	0.38	7.56
July 16	Release	12 ± 0.8	<LOD	0.17 ± 0.01	0.68 ± 0.01	11	5.6	20.1	0.99	9.68
	Channel	12 ± 1	<LOD	0.22 ± 0.02	0.46 ± 0.01	22	0.60	19.4	0.89	9.26
	East Wetland	7.4 ± 2	<LOD	0.18 ± 0.04	0.40 ± 0.04	80	0.90	18.6	0.89	7.85
	West Wetland	12 ± 2	<LOD	0.030 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.04	1.7 × 10²	0.90	17.2	0.54	7.10
	Outlet	7.0 ± 1	<LOD	0.020 ± 0.001	0.010 ± 0.007	16	4.4	19.3	0.41	7.44
July 23	Release	9.7 ± 0.9	<LOD	0.25	0.39 ± 0.03	24	6.0	24.2	1.1	9.95
	Mid-Channel	31 ± 8	<LOD	0.14	0.61 ± 0.02	76	0.20	21.7	1.1	8.89
	Channel	13 ± 2	<LOD	0.040	0.51 ± 0.03	24	0.50	20.2	1.1	8.33
	East Wetland	5.3 ± 0.5	<LOD	0.060	0.10 ± 0.04	1.2 × 10²	0.30	19.5	1.1	7.31
	West Wetland	15 ± 5	<LOD	0.030	0.040 ± 0.01	1.3 × 10²	0.30	18.9	0.72	6.92
	Outlet	4.2 ± 1	<LOD	0.020	<LOQ	15	4.3	23.3	0.38	7.46

Measurements are presented as mean value ± SD; <LOD = below the limit of detection; <LOQ = below the limit of quantification; NA= not available; Chl A = chlorophyll-a; DO = dissolved oxygen. LODs: Nitrite + nitrate – 0.05 mg/L, Total ammonia + ammonium – 0.010 mg/L; LOQs: Phosphorus – 0.010 mg/L.

ISSN: 2661-801X