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Table 1 In vivo experiments on Pb particles and bioavailability results (2 pages)

From: Experimental determination of the oral bioavailability and bioaccessibility of lead particles

REFERENCE

SPECIMEN

SUBSTRATE

STATE, DURATION, DOSE

RBA/ABA

Freeman et al. 1992[45]

Rats (7–8 wk)

Mine wastes

· Fed

· 12.1±3.6-26.8±4.8 (blood RBA %)

· 30 d

· 4.8±1.9-13.3±2.2 (bone RBA %)

· 0.12-24 mg Pb/kg bw/d

· 0.6±3.1-13.6±3.1 (liver RBA %)

Dieter et al. 1993[53]

Rats (6–7 wk)

Pb oxide, Pb sulfide, Pb ore concentrate

· Fed

· 69-93 (blood RBA %, Pb oxide)

· 30 d

· ND-36 (blood RBA %, Pb sulfide)

· 0–100 ppm Pb

· ND-10 (blood RBA %, Pb ore)

Freeman et al. 1993[54]

Rats (7–8 wk)

Mine wastes

· Fed

· 0.36±1.04-7.32±1.57 (blood ABA %)

· 30 d

· 0.51±0.15-2.25±0.23 (bone ABA %)

· 5 to 20 ppm Pb

Ruby et al. 1993[55]

Rabbits (12 wk)

Mine wastes

· Fast

· 9±4 % Pb soluble in stomach

· 0.5-36 h

· 7.8 mg Pb/kg bw

Freeman et al. 1994[39]

Rats (7–8 wk)

Mine wastes

· Fed

· 2.7±1.5 (% blood RBA)

· 30 d

· 0.40±0.16 (% bone RBA)

· 0.12 to 24 mg Pb/kg bw/d

· 0.55±0.68 (% liver RBA)

Schoof et al. 1995[40]

Rats (4 wk)

Smelter soil

· Fed

· 41 (% blood RBA)

· 31 d

· 20 (% blood ABA)

· 0.11-3.4 mg Pb/kg bw/d

 

Freeman et al. 1996[44]

Rats (~ 4 wk)

Soil, Pb sulfide

· Fed

· 0.8-8.7 (soil, % RBA)

· 44 d

· 1.2-5 (Pb sulfide,% RBA)

· 17.6-127 ppm

 

Lorenzana et al. 1996[56]

Swine (40–50 d)

Tacoma smelter soil & slag

· Fast (small dough)

· Mean ABA§ (%, PbAciv): 10 (soil), 4 (slag)

· 0–7 d

· 34–567 μg Pb/kg bw (single dose)

Casteel et al. 1997[49]

Swine (8–9 kg)

Berm and residential soils

· Fast (small dough)

· 74-75 (point estimate RBA %‡)

· 15 d

· 71–732 μg Pb/kg bw/d

Casteel et al. 1997-1998 #

Swine

Joplin smelter soil treated or not with 1% phosphate

 

· Point estimate RBA (%): 59–67 (not treated) to 38–45 (treated 1% phosphate)

Maddaloni et al. 1998[38]

Humans (21–40 yr)

Bunker Hill residential soil

· Fast & Fed

· Fasting state: 26.2±8.1 (% ABA)

· 30 h

· With breakfast meal: 2.52±1.7 (% ABA)

· 250 μg Pb/70 kg bw

 

Ellickson et al. 2001[57]

Rats (0.18–0.2 kg)

SRM 2710 Montana soil

· Fast

· 0.4-0.9 (% RBA)

· 3 d

· 7–8 mg Pb (single dose)

Brown et al. 2003[58]

Rats (3–4 wk)

Urban soil treated with biosolids (n=9)

· Fed

· RBA not calculated in %

· 35 d

· 71–125 mg Pb/kg diet

Hettiarachchi et al. 2003[59]

Rats (12 wk)

Joplin soil treated or not with Mn, phosphate, or CRYP (n=15)

· Fed

· 21 d

· Blood RBA%: 34 (not treated); 19–33 (treated)

· 1–6 mg Pb/kg bw/d

· Kidney RBA%: 48 (not treated); 19–39 (treated)

 

· Liver RBA%: 27 (not treated); 19–21 (treated)

 

· Bone RBA%: 34 (not treated); 20–24 (treated)

USEPA 2004, 2009[60, 61]

Juvenile swine

2 Omaha smelter soils

· Fast (small dough)

· 83 & 96 (point estimate RBA %)

· 15 d

· 75–675 μg Pb/kg bw/d

 

Casteel et al. 2006[42]

Swine (5–6 wk)

19 soil or soil-like materials†

· Fast (small dough)

· 1-105 (point estimate RBA %*)

· 15 d

 

· 75–675 μg Pb/kg bw/d

 

Marschner et al. 2006[62]

Swine (70 d)

5 soils

· Semi-fed (milk powder after 5 h fast)

· 17-63 (RBA %)

   

· 28 d

 
   

· 0.1-3.2 mg Pb/kg bw/d

 

MSE Technology Application 2006[63]

Swine (5–6 wk)

Smelter soil HER-2930

· Fast (small dough)

· 82 (point estimate RBA %)

   

· 15 d

 
   

· 77–686 μg Pb/kg bw/d

 

Smith Jr. et al. 2008[46]

Rats (~ 21 d) Micropigs (~ 30 d)

2 smelter soils

· Fed

· Rats RBA %: 88 (blood), 62 (bone)

   

· 30 d

· Micropigs RBA %: 81 (blood), 68 (bone)

   

· 50 μg Pb/g diet

 

Smith Jr. et al. 2008[47]

Rats (~ 21 d)

5 soils

· Fed

· 85±48 (blood RBA %)

   

· 35 d

· 91±12 (bone RBA %)

   

· 6.8-150 μg Pb/g diet

 

Bannon et al. 2009[64]

Juvenile swine

8 small arms range soils

· Fast (small dough)

· 108±18 (point estimate RBA %)

   

· 15 d

 
   

· 75–675 μg Pb/kg bw/d

 

Caboche 2009 Denys et al. 2012[65, 66]

Swine (28 d)

15 mining and smelting soils

· Fast (small dough)

· 6-100 (kidney RBA %)

   

· 14 d

· 8–100 (urine RBA %)

   

· <1 to 8 mg Pb/kg bw/d

· 9–100 (bone RBA %)

    

· 10–85 (liver RBA %)

Juhasz et al. 2009[67]

Swine (6–8 wk)

5 incinerator and urban soils

· Fast

· 10.1±8.7-19.1±14.9 (blood RBA %)

   

· 5 d

 
   

· 0.1-1.2 mg Pb/kg bw (single dose)

 

Smith et al. 2011[68]

Adult mice

12 Pb impacted soils from various sources

· Fast

· 10±2.8-89±15.3 (blood RBA %)

   

· 48 h

 
   

· 0.1-1.7 mg Pb (single dose)

 
  1. RBA–relative bioavailability; ABA–absolute bioavailability; ND–not determined; §estimates include 0 & 100% in the confidence interval; ‡USEPA and Casteel et al. point estimate [42, 43]; #data from the Ruby et al. review [69]; †including soils tested by Schroder et al. [70]; *also available in USEPA [43].