From: Experimental determination of the oral bioavailability and bioaccessibility of lead particles
REFERENCE | SPECIMEN | SUBSTRATE | STATE, DURATION, DOSE | RBA/ABA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Freeman et al. 1992[45] | Rats (7–8 wk) | Mine wastes | · Fed | · 12.1±3.6-26.8±4.8 (blood RBA %) |
· 30 d | · 4.8±1.9-13.3±2.2 (bone RBA %) | |||
· 0.12-24 mg Pb/kg bw/d | · 0.6±3.1-13.6±3.1 (liver RBA %) | |||
Dieter et al. 1993[53] | Rats (6–7 wk) | Pb oxide, Pb sulfide, Pb ore concentrate | · Fed | · 69-93 (blood RBA %, Pb oxide) |
· 30 d | · ND-36 (blood RBA %, Pb sulfide) | |||
· 0–100 ppm Pb | · ND-10 (blood RBA %, Pb ore) | |||
Freeman et al. 1993[54] | Rats (7–8 wk) | Mine wastes | · Fed | · 0.36±1.04-7.32±1.57 (blood ABA %) |
· 30 d | · 0.51±0.15-2.25±0.23 (bone ABA %) | |||
· 5 to 20 ppm Pb | ||||
Ruby et al. 1993[55] | Rabbits (12 wk) | Mine wastes | · Fast | · 9±4 % Pb soluble in stomach |
· 0.5-36 h | ||||
· 7.8 mg Pb/kg bw | ||||
Freeman et al. 1994[39] | Rats (7–8 wk) | Mine wastes | · Fed | · 2.7±1.5 (% blood RBA) |
· 30 d | · 0.40±0.16 (% bone RBA) | |||
· 0.12 to 24 mg Pb/kg bw/d | · 0.55±0.68 (% liver RBA) | |||
Schoof et al. 1995[40] | Rats (4 wk) | Smelter soil | · Fed | · 41 (% blood RBA) |
· 31 d | · 20 (% blood ABA) | |||
· 0.11-3.4 mg Pb/kg bw/d |  | |||
Freeman et al. 1996[44] | Rats (~ 4 wk) | Soil, Pb sulfide | · Fed | · 0.8-8.7 (soil, % RBA) |
· 44 d | · 1.2-5 (Pb sulfide,% RBA) | |||
· 17.6-127 ppm |  | |||
Lorenzana et al. 1996[56] | Swine (40–50 d) | Tacoma smelter soil & slag | · Fast (small dough) | · Mean ABA§ (%, PbAciv): 10 (soil), 4 (slag) |
· 0–7 d | ||||
· 34–567 μg Pb/kg bw (single dose) | ||||
Casteel et al. 1997[49] | Swine (8–9 kg) | Berm and residential soils | · Fast (small dough) | · 74-75 (point estimate RBA %‡) |
· 15 d | ||||
· 71–732 μg Pb/kg bw/d | ||||
Casteel et al. 1997-1998 # | Swine | Joplin smelter soil treated or not with 1% phosphate |  | · Point estimate RBA (%): 59–67 (not treated) to 38–45 (treated 1% phosphate) |
Maddaloni et al. 1998[38] | Humans (21–40 yr) | Bunker Hill residential soil | · Fast & Fed | · Fasting state: 26.2±8.1 (% ABA) |
· 30 h | · With breakfast meal: 2.52±1.7 (% ABA) | |||
· 250 μg Pb/70 kg bw |  | |||
Ellickson et al. 2001[57] | Rats (0.18–0.2 kg) | SRM 2710 Montana soil | · Fast | · 0.4-0.9 (% RBA) |
· 3 d | ||||
· 7–8 mg Pb (single dose) | ||||
Brown et al. 2003[58] | Rats (3–4 wk) | Urban soil treated with biosolids (n=9) | · Fed | · RBA not calculated in % |
· 35 d | ||||
· 71–125 mg Pb/kg diet | ||||
Hettiarachchi et al. 2003[59] | Rats (12 wk) | Joplin soil treated or not with Mn, phosphate, or CRYP (n=15) | · Fed · 21 d | · Blood RBA%: 34 (not treated); 19–33 (treated) |
· 1–6 mg Pb/kg bw/d | · Kidney RBA%: 48 (not treated); 19–39 (treated) | |||
 | · Liver RBA%: 27 (not treated); 19–21 (treated) | |||
 | · Bone RBA%: 34 (not treated); 20–24 (treated) | |||
Juvenile swine | 2 Omaha smelter soils | · Fast (small dough) | · 83 & 96 (point estimate RBA %) | |
· 15 d | ||||
· 75–675 μg Pb/kg bw/d |  | |||
Casteel et al. 2006[42] | Swine (5–6 wk) | 19 soil or soil-like materials†| · Fast (small dough) | · 1-105 (point estimate RBA %*) |
· 15 d |  | |||
· 75–675 μg Pb/kg bw/d |  | |||
Marschner et al. 2006[62] | Swine (70 d) | 5 soils | · Semi-fed (milk powder after 5 h fast) | · 17-63 (RBA %) |
 |  |  | · 28 d |  |
 |  |  | · 0.1-3.2 mg Pb/kg bw/d |  |
MSE Technology Application 2006[63] | Swine (5–6 wk) | Smelter soil HER-2930 | · Fast (small dough) | · 82 (point estimate RBA %) |
 |  |  | · 15 d |  |
 |  |  | · 77–686 μg Pb/kg bw/d |  |
Smith Jr. et al. 2008[46] | Rats (~ 21 d) Micropigs (~ 30 d) | 2 smelter soils | · Fed | · Rats RBA %: 88 (blood), 62 (bone) |
 |  |  | · 30 d | · Micropigs RBA %: 81 (blood), 68 (bone) |
 |  |  | · 50 μg Pb/g diet |  |
Smith Jr. et al. 2008[47] | Rats (~ 21 d) | 5 soils | · Fed | · 85±48 (blood RBA %) |
 |  |  | · 35 d | · 91±12 (bone RBA %) |
 |  |  | · 6.8-150 μg Pb/g diet |  |
Bannon et al. 2009[64] | Juvenile swine | 8 small arms range soils | · Fast (small dough) | · 108±18 (point estimate RBA %) |
 |  |  | · 15 d |  |
 |  |  | · 75–675 μg Pb/kg bw/d |  |
Swine (28 d) | 15 mining and smelting soils | · Fast (small dough) | · 6-100 (kidney RBA %) | |
 |  |  | · 14 d | · 8–100 (urine RBA %) |
 |  |  | · <1 to 8 mg Pb/kg bw/d | · 9–100 (bone RBA %) |
 |  |  |  | · 10–85 (liver RBA %) |
Juhasz et al. 2009[67] | Swine (6–8 wk) | 5 incinerator and urban soils | · Fast | · 10.1±8.7-19.1±14.9 (blood RBA %) |
 |  |  | · 5 d |  |
 |  |  | · 0.1-1.2 mg Pb/kg bw (single dose) |  |
Smith et al. 2011[68] | Adult mice | 12 Pb impacted soils from various sources | · Fast | · 10±2.8-89±15.3 (blood RBA %) |
 |  |  | · 48 h |  |
 |  |  | · 0.1-1.7 mg Pb (single dose) |  |