Table 1 Description of the raw materials analyzed in the study
Common name | Family and species | General origins of plant family | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|
Acacia sp. | obtained from the sap of Acacia giraffe trees | Africa (India has several spp.) | L.A. County Arboretum, USA |
Angra (acacia) | obtained from the sap of Acacia karoo trees | South Africa | University of Oxford, UK |
Tahla (acacia) | obtained from the sap of Acacia seyal trees | Senegal to Sudan, Africa | University of Oxford, UK |
Gum Arabic | obtained from the sap of trees Acacia senegal | Tropical Africa | Sigma |
Mesquite | obtained from the plant Prosopis sp. | North and South America | Mexico |
Almond | exuded by Prunus amygdalus trees | Eurasia, North Africa | Cal State Polytechnic, USA |
Apricot | exuded by the trees Prunus armeniaca | Armenia, India, Greece | Cal State Polytechnic, USA |
Cherry | exuded by the trees Prunus serrulata | Northern Hemisphere | Cal State Polytechnic, USA |
Cherry | exuded by the trees Prunus Cerasus | Northern Hemisphere | Opificio delle Pietre Dure, Florence |
Peach | exuded by the trees Prunus persica | China/Persia | Mogao China, Peach Tree Orchard |
Plum | exuded by the trees Prunus | Eurasia | Czechoslovakia, Prague |
| Â | Â | Â | Opificio delle Pietre Dure, Florence |
Tragacanth | obtained from the sap of the plants Astragalus | Eurasia and Africa | Sigma |
| Â | Â | Â | Kremer |
| Â | Â | Â | Local market Egypt |
| Â | Â | Â | Local market Persia |
| Â | Â | Â | Local market Anatolia |
Ghatti | exuded by the trees Anogeissus latifolia | India | Sigma |
Karaya | exuded by the plant Sterculia sp. | India | Sigma |
Angico | exuded by the trees Piptadenia sp. | Brazil | University of Parana, Brazil. |
Cashew | exuded by the plants Anacardium sp. | India, South America, Southeast Asia, Africa | EMBRAPA, Brazil |
Carageean | extracted from Seaweed | China | Serva Feinbiochemica, Germany |
Locust bean | exuded by the trees Ceratonia sp. | Mediterranean | Sigma |
Guar | is the endosperm of guar beans, legumen of the plants Cyamopsis tetragonolobus | India | Sigma |
Orchid | obtained from the fruit of the plants Orchis sp. | World Wide | Australia |
Frankincense | exuded by the trees Boswellia | Arabic pensinsula and Africa | Oman |
| Â | Â | Â | Somalia |
Myrrh resin | sap of the plants Commiphora | Arabic pensinsula and Africa | Local market |
| Â | Â | Â | Zecchi (Italy) |
Mastic | sap of the trees of the genus: Pistacia; species: Pistacia lentiscus | Mediterranean region | Zecchi (Italy) |
Elephant apple | Dillenia indica | India | India, local market |
Escobilla | Sida rhombifolia | North America | Mexico |
Rice Powder | seed of the plants Oryza sativa | World Wide | Aiko’s Art Materials, Japan |
Mangosteen fruit | obtained from the fruit of Garcinia mangostana plants | Southeast Asia | Jahan, India |
Nopal Cactus | obtained from the Opuntia-fiucs indica | South America | California, USA |
Honey | produced by Apis honey bees | World Wide | Local market, USA |
| Â | Â | Â | Acacia, Italy |
| Â | Â | Â | Millefiori, Italy |
| Â | Â | Â | Chesnut, Italy |
Beeswax | produced by Apis honey bees | World Wide | local market, Italy |
Propolis | produced by Apis honey bees | World Wide | local market, Italy |
Cochineal dye | produced from the scale insects Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) | primarily tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico | Mexico, Local market |
Henna dye | produced from the leaves of the plants Lawsonia inermis | tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, southern Asia, and northern Australasia in semi-arid zones | Kremer |
Indigo dye | extracted from the Indigofera plants | originally from Pakistan, Indigofera plants can be found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world | Mexico, local market |
Redwood dye | Â | Â | Kremer |
paper/ wood (average) | Â | World Wide | Unknown |
wood | Beech | hardwood | Fagus sylvatica |
| Â | Oak | hardwood | Quercus roburs |
| Â | Pine | softwood | Pinus sylvestris |
| Â | Fir | softwood | Abies alba |
White fluffy fungus | obtained from Acremonium spp. | Â | Mogao Cave, China |
Luohanguo | water extract fruit of the of Siraiti trees; species: Siraitia grosvenorii | China | local market, China |
fig latex | obtained from Common Fig trees (Ficus carica), when the fruit is detached from the branch | Mediterranean region, Iran, Pakistan and northern India, and also in other areas of the world with a similar climate | from fig tree, Italy |
Hen's Egg | Â | World Wide | local market, Italy |
Animal glue | obtained from the cartilageneous parts of rabbits | World Wide | Zecchi (Italy) |
Cow's Milk | Â | World Wide | local market, Italy |