Table 1 Target compounds, use, molecular weight (MW), pKa, water solubility and vapor pressure.

Pharmaceutical products

Carbamazepine

Anticonvulsant

236.27

13.90^a

17.70^b

1.84 × 10^-7e

Naproxen

Analgesic

230.26

4.15^a

15.90^b

1.89 × 10^-6h

Trimethoprim

Anti-infective

290.30

7.10^a

4.00 × 10^2b

9.88 × 10^-9e

Gemfibrozil

Anti-cholesterol

250.33

4.42-4.70^g

19.00^b

NA

Personal care product

Caffeine

Stimulant

94.19

10.40^a

2.16 × 10^4b

7.33 × 10^-9f

Pesticides

DIA

M etabolite of atrazine and simazine

173.60

1.50^a

NA

NA

DEA

M etabolite of atrazine

187.63

1.40^a

NA

NA

Cyanazine

Herbicide

240.69

1.10^a

NA

NA

Simazine

Herbicide

201.66

1.62^a

6.00^d

2.25 × 10^-8d

Atrazine

Herbicide

215.68

1.70^a

34.70^b

3.00 × 10^-7d

Estrogens

Estriol

Estrogen

272.40

NA

13.00

6.70 × 10^-15b

Estrone

Estrogen

270.40

NA

13. 00

2.30 × 10^-10b

17β -Estradiol

Estrogen

288.40

NA

13. 00

2.30 × 10^-10b

17-α -Ethinylestradiol

Synthetic estrogen

296.40

NA

4.80

4.50 × 10^-11b

Progestogens

Progesterone

Progestogen

314.50

NA

8.81

1.30 × 10^-6b

D(-) Norgestrel

Synthetic progestogen

312.40

NA

2.05

3.93 × 10^-10b

19-Norethindrone

Synthetic progestogen

298.40

NA

7.04

7.31 × 10^-9b

M edroxyprogesterone

Synthetic progestogen

344.50

NA

22.2^c

NA